Speckle, the granular interference pattern produced when coherent light is scattered by a rough surface, is commonly thought to be detrimental to optical systems. But the scattering processes are entirely linear, and speckle can therefore be used as a surprisingly sensitive probe of the properties of the light, the environment and the scatterer. We review current progress in measuring the wavelength, polarisation and topological charge of the light; the refractive index of the environment; and displacement of the scattering surface. In particular, we show how the sensitivity can be optimised by tailoring the scattering geometry and input light field.
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