The final outcome of the review and editorial process is a decision to either ‘‘accept’’ the manuscript or ‘‘not to accept’’ the manuscript. I use those two terms on purpose rather than the more common pair of outcome terms of ‘‘accept’’ and ‘‘reject.’’ When editors get together the question is usually asked: ‘‘What is your rejection rate?’’ as if that is somehow a measure of the quality of the journal—the more papers you reject the more stringent the selection process and hence the inferred higher quality of those that are accepted.

A semipassive bimorph mirror is considered as the most promising corrector for low-order and at the same time low-cost atmospheric adaptive optical systems. Theoretical and experimental results of the response functions study are presented. A simple response function histeresis compensation method is suggested. The efficiency of correcting the first eight Zernike polynomials with a 17-electrode bimorph mirror is given. It is shown that such a corrector can be successfully used to compensate turbulence with the Kolmogorov spectrum.

Wind speeds and wind directions are measured remotely using an incoherent backscatter lidar system operating at a wavelength of 1.06 µm with a maximum repetition rate of 13 Hz. The principle of the measurements is based on following detectable atmospheric structures, which are transported by the wind (Taylor’s hypothesis). The characteristic size and lifetime of these structures are also inverted from the data. Initially, the lidar was pointed in the horizontal plane parallel to the wind direction to measure the horizontal wind speed from the displacement of the atmospheric structures along the lidar axis. Subsequently, the sensor was expanded with a time synchronous lidar that operated at an azimuth angle of about 15 deg with respect to the direction of the first lidar. The horizontal wind vector could then be measured over ranges of about 1.5 km using the geometry of the dual lidar and the transit times of the atmospheric structures between the two lidar axes. Results obtained with this dual lidar are comparable with the in situ measured wind vector. Finally, vertical profiles of the wind vector are measured to altitudes of about 1 km. This is realized by operating one lidar in the triangulation mode using a fast adjustable platform. The results obtained in this mode are in good agreement with in situ measured data from sensors on a 213-m-high meteorologically instrumented mast and with data provided by an acoustic sounder.

We describe a polarization-sensitive fiber optic based confocal microscope. Polarization maintaining single mode fibers are used to illuminate a specimen with linearly polarized light. The orientation of the incident linearly polarized light is continuously variable using a Se´narmont polarization rotator. A polarization-sensitive light detector enables the microscope to record the intensity and polarization orientation of the reflected light. The microscope can thus function as a conventional confocal microscope as well as detect rotations of the polarization orientation of the incident light by a birefringent specimen. Lateral scanning of the microscope focal volume is achieved by moving the fiber tip in a reciprocal layout. Confocal operation of the system is demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical and measured responses of the microscope to a dielectric mirror, glass slide, quarter wave plate, linear polarizer, and calcite crystal are considered. Images of a birefringent specimen are presented.

The analysis of a silicon-based step-index waveguide with a corrugation grating at its surface is performed by considering the reflection between the silicon substrate and the optical buffer. The conditions on the silica buffer thickness for maximum in/out coupling into the substrate and into the air are given analytically, and a number of features of practical interest are described.

The fabrication process of waveguide grating couplers with parallelogramic tooth profiles is described, using a novel reactive-ion etching (RIE) geometry to generate oblique anisotropic etching. The blazing effect of nonresonant parallelogramic grating couplers is demonstrated experimentally, with nearly 90% radiation directionality measured. The radiation factors of the grating couplers are also measured, and comparisons with simulated results show that the measured value is lower than that predicted theoretically. This is attributed to the deviation of the grating tooth profile from the ideal parallelogramic shape.

A novel all-fiber compensation network with three couplers of intensity-modulated optical fiber sensors is presented. The compensation network can resist the fluctuation of optical sources, the variation of fiber transmission losses, and the drift of optoelectrical receivers and amplifiers. The influence on the measurement error of the variation of the characteristic parameter is demonstrated, and an optimum system for the network is designed. Analytical results are presented.

A single-mode fiber-compatible surface-contact (SC) receptacle is fabricated by insert-molding technology with a zirconia sleeve in the mold patterns. The zirconia sleeve, lens holder, and a plastic case consist of the same mold pattern for precise coincidence of the optical axes. Almost all of the case structures are fundamentally cylindrical to disable temperature modifications due to mechanical expansion or deformation. For the same reason, the grade of liquid crystalline polymer is selected carefully. Furthermore, the roof mirror array lens used in the facsimile machine is selected as a graded-index (GRIN) rod lens to reduce costs. The fabrication results show that in this structure, the mechanical removal strength in the zirconia sleeve attained over 50 kg f, and mechanical tolerance is also maintained after more than 1000 plug coupling tests. The fabrication methods are successively suitable for mass production and contributed to the cost effective SC receptacle. This receptacle is compatible not only with multimode fiber but also with single-mode fiber. The total coupling loss in this receptacle equipped with a 1.3-µm multi-quantum-well laser diode is —6 dB with the singlemode fiber. The contribution due to the GRIN rod lens is —5.5 dB and the excess coupling loss due to the assembly is within —0.5 dB.

A revised scheme for a polarization controller in which two sections of feedback fiber are spliced into one with a rotating fiber squeezer is introduced. Its new theoretical model in which an antirotating matrix is introduced, is presented in view of the technical disadvantage and the theoretical imperfection of the original polarization controller based on a fiber-recirculating delay line. The experimental results show that the theoretical model of the revised scheme is more reasonable.

A new dual-fiber probe for in vivo blood flow measurement is designed based on theoretical considerations. The probe is designed to measure blood flow in vivo in both the forward (toward the probe) and reverse (away from the probe) flow directions at flow rates ranging from 0 to 1.5 ms-1. It is comprised of a reflective surface, polished at the angle, attached to the ends of two normally terminated optical fibers. This reflective surface is used to project the probe volume to the sides of the fibers where the fluid boundary layer is expected to be small. It is found that to project the probe volume out of the cavity formed between the fiber tips and the reflective surface in the forward direction, the reflective surface angle should be between 23 to 40 deg. The new dualfiber probe with the reflective surface at 25 deg to the fiber axis was fabricated and tested. In the forward and reverse flow directions, a linear relationship exists between the flow velocity and the Doppler shift frequency obtained even though the probe volume is still within the boundary layer adjacent to the sides of the fibers. This suggests that flow within the boundary layer up to a velocity of 1.0 m s-1 is laminar and is fairly independent of the flow velocity and flow directions. The new dual-fiber probe holds promise for applications in the clinical context.

The propagation losses of pump light in rectangular doubleclad fibers are investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The dependence of propagation losses on the incidence of pump light as well as fiber lengths are measured using a simple method. It is found that for the same material compositions, the effective numerical apertures (NAs) of rectangular fibers is less than those of circular fibers and the pump light propagation loss in rectangular fibers is larger. The difference of propagation losses between both fibers is rationalized with a geometrical optics analysis.

A divergent-ray projection (DRP) method was developed for measuring the flapping angle, lag angle, and torsional angle of a bumblebee wing during beating motion. This new method can measure the spatial coordinates of an insect wing by digitizing the images that are projected by two divergent laser rays from different directions. The advantage of the DRP method is its ability to measure those three angles simultaneously using only one high-speed camera. The resolution of the DRP method can be changed easily by adjusting system parameters to meet the needs of different types of objects. The measurement results for these angles of a bumblebee wing prove the effectiveness of the DRP method in studying the flight performance of insects.

Many textures such as woven fabrics and composites have a regular and repeating texture. This paper presents a new method to capture the texture information using adaptive wavelet bases. Wavelets are compact functions which can be used to generate a multiresolution analysis. Texture constraints are used to adapt the wavelets to better characterize specific textures. An adapted wavelet basis has very high sensitivity to the abrupt changes in the texture structure caused by defects. This paper demonstrates how adaptive wavelet basis can be used to locate defects in woven fabrics.

An optical character recognition (OCR) system for the reading of the white pages of Sydney’s telephone directories is described. The system is used to process each scanned page automatically. First, column segmentation, special symbol segmentation, text line segmentation, and character segmentation are performed. Second, a new structural method is developed to recognize each segmented character based on its skeleton decomposition and coding. Third, a postprocessing module is used to verify the confusing letters based on the text layout information and the contextual information. Experiments with test pages show an average recognition rate of 99.5% with a reliability rate of 99.85%.

A new approach to target detection filtering is developed that takes account of highly intermittent non-Gaussian backgrounds with strong phase correlations. It is shown that in some cases the departure from Gaussianity can be accounted for by the spatial intermittency of the image data and that when this is factored out by amplitude adjustment, a Gaussian process results. Spatial intermittency is modeled by considering the joint probability density of filter output (intensity) and a new measure, called local energy, which measures the background activity in the neighborhood of the filter support. A multiresolution analysis is adopted, in which multiple scales of both the filter support and the background neighborhood of local energy are considered. This approach increases the sensitivity with which targets are detected when in the vicinity of energetic regions of background. Examples of the target detection method are given for both synthetic and real imagery, showing improvements over methods that do not account for spatial intermittency.

A new class of nonincreasing filters for morphological image processing is presented. In fact, the morphological filtering plays a fundamental role in extracting the markers of the images to apply the traditional watershed-plus-marker approach to segment the images. Here, the geodesic transformation and morphological contrast operators (the morphological gradients and the tophat transformations) are also the bases to apply this segmentation approach. In this work, we are interested in these morphological contrast operators and in a class of operators called toggle mappings (in mathematical morphology). These results enable us to propose nonincreasing filters, based on the notion of morphological gradients. Two approaches are used to apply these propositions. First, we study the operators by changing the size of the structuring element and a given ? parameter to obtain toggle mappings. Next, we iterate these operators until idempotence is reached as the reconstruction transformations occur. The filters have interesting properties and give essential contrast to the images. Using these filters, it is possible to modify the minima (maxima) of images and to obtain a good segmentation when the traditional transformation, the watershed, is applied. Finally, the new operators are compared with other transformations to show their relative performance.

A fast system to reveal the presence and type of fabric defects during the weaving process is developed. Since the fabric is similar to a 2-D grid, its defects are clearly observed in the changes in its optical Fourier transform (OFT), which appears stationary while the fabric is moving across the loom. Previous work, based on the statistical parameters of the OFT, showed that the presence of faults can be detected when only global changes in the images are considered. We show that by selecting a small subset of pixels from the image as input to a neural network, fabric defects can not only be detected but also successfully identified. A knowledge-based system could conceivably be constructed to use this information to resolve problems with the loom in real time, without the need for operator intervention.

A fractal coding is discussed that concentrates on relieving excessive computation burden and improving image quality in encoding. But the convergence speed of the decoder is important because, in many applications, the encoding is done once, while the decoding is to be repeated many times. Because the well-known fractal coding scheme is based on the iterated function system (IFS), we cannot avoid the iterated transformation though the scheme can be done noniteratively in a special case. Such a transformation encounters difficulty in parallel processing and hence a fast decoding algorithm is necessary. An algorithm to speedup the decoding process is described. The analysis and the simulation results of the proposed method show that our algorithm is much faster than the conventional method.

Optical multichannel emission spectroscopy and intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) imaging have been applied to real-time, in situ gas-phase species identification during the pulsed excimer or Nd:YAG laser deposition of various ceramic thin films. A plume gasdynamic expansion model has been developed and used to predict the outer-edge plume front locations for comparison with those observed in the ICCD images. Good agreement was found between the model and ICCD images, with plume temperatures indicated by the model to be typically between 10,000 and 50,000 K. The systems studied include PbZr0.53Ti0.47O3 (PZT), BaTiO3 , AlN, and BN. When high laser fluences were used, ICCD imaging also revealed strong evidence for interactions between the laser and the near-surface plume. Plume particulates were also noted at long times following the laser pulse.

We propose a maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) method, which features 3-D Gibbsian priors and the highest confidence first (HCF) optimization method, for segmentation of cross-sectional images through a 3-D volume. The proposed algorithm has been successfully applied to segmentation of clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data on the human brain. Modeling the a priori probability of the segmentation by a 3-D Gibbs random field (GRF) imposes connectivity and smoothness constraints on the desired segmentation in all three directions. HCF is a recently proposed optimization method, which proves superior to other existing methods in this application. We discuss several implementation issues, including the effects of varying parameter values on algorithm performance. Experimental results with both phantoms and clinical MR data show that our proposed approach improves on existing methods in delineation of the cerebral cortex, deep nuclei (such as the caudate and hippocampi),

A quality metric for an arbitrary 2D edge contour is presented. This metric is constructed from measured physical characteristics of the edge. It enables a comparison of performance of different edge detecting algorithms and provides a tool for the optimization of edge detectors. The metric was verified using the Canny’s edge detector applied to a set of artificial images varying in image quality.

Entropic thresholding provides an alternative view to the design rationale of conventional thresholding. Abutaleb proposed a second-order entropic thresholding approach to improve Pun’s first-order entropic thresholding by introducing a 2-D gray-level histogram to take into account the spatial correlation. Abutaleb’s (1989) method was further modified by Brink (1992). However, a major drawback of Abutaleb- Brink’s method is very high computational cost. Recently, Chen et al. (1994) developed a fast efficient 2-D algorithm that reduces computational complexity from O(L4) toO(L8/3), where L is the total number of gray levels. A hierarchical fast 2-D entropic thresholding algorithm using a gray-level histogram pyramid is presented that can be viewed as a generalization of Chen et al.’s algorithm. The new algorithm consists of a 2-D gray-level histogram pyramid build-up procedure expanding Abutaleb’s 2-D gray-level histogram to a histogram pyramid, and a thresholding process applying a modified version of Chen et al.’s algorithm to the histogram pyramid layer by layer from top to bottom. As a result, the computational complexity of Chen et al.’s algorithm can be further reduced to the optimal complexity, O(L2). The experiments show that the computer time of the new algorithm is only one tenth of that required for Chen et al.’s algorithm, which is a significant saving.

A fast lossy 3-D data compression scheme using vector quantization (VQ) is presented that exploits the spatial and the spectral redundancy in hyperspectral imagery. Hyperspectral imagery may be viewed as a 3-D array of samples in which two dimensions correspond to spatial position and the third to wavelength. Unlike traditional 2-D VQ, where spatial blocks of n X m pixels are taken as vectors, we define one spectrum, corresponding to a profile taken along the wavelength axis, as a vector. This constitution of vectors makes good use of the high correlation in the spectral domain and achieves a high compression ratio. It also leads to fast codebook generation and fast codevector matching. A coding scheme for fast vector matching called spectral-feature-based binary coding (SFBBC) is used to encode each spectral vector into a simple and efficient set of binary codes. The generation of the codebook and the matching of codevectors are performed by matching the binary codes produced by the SFBBC. The experiments were carried out using a test hyperspectral data cube from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager. Generating a codebook is 39 times faster with the SFBBC than with conventional VQ, and the data compression is 30 to 40 times faster. Compression ratios greater than 192 : 1 have been achieved with peak signal-to-noise ratios of the reconstructed hyperspectral sequences exceeding 45.2 dB.

We propose a temporally adaptive 3-D subband coding (3-D SBC) technique to effectively exploit the temporal activities in the input image sequence. By using the rate-distortion (R-D) performance measure, we show the optimal number of temporal subbands can be easily determined. The base temporal subband, which yields much concentrated energy, is encoded using the H.261-like motion-compensated discrete cosine transform (MC-DCT) technique. While in the higher temporal subbands, the two-dimensional (2-D) adaptive wavelet packet bases are employed to exploit the various energy distributions, due to the moving components. In encoding the subbands, we employ adaptive scanning methods, followed by uniform step-size quantization with variablelength coding (VLC), and a coded/not-coded flag reduction technique based on the quadtree structure. From the simulation results, the proposed 3-D SBC provides about 0.29- to 3.14-dB PSNR gain over the H.261 technique and the temporally fixed 3-D SBC techniques at bit rates 300 to 512 Kbits/s.

It is well known that off-axis testing of a spherical surface introduces aberrations, mainly primary astigmatism. The magnitudes of these aberrations are discussed and analytically calculated. Their influence in several testing configurations is discussed. A case of particular interest is when a linear carrier fringe pattern is used in a Fizeau interferometer.

Some applications of optical surfaces place very stringent limits on small-scale surface irregularities, such as ripples. A method that can be used to make direct interferometric measurements of such smallscale irregularities is described.

In previous experiments involving ion figuring of optical components, repeated machining resulted in little to no improvement in workpieces due to a variation in the removal. We demonstrate that the variation in removal is due to insufficiently large machining limits and that such variation is common to all Gaussian removal processes. Once larger limits are chosen, successive machining iterations improves workpiece contour significantly.

This paper treats a practical adaptation of frequency modulation (FM) radar ranging principles to an incoherent laser radar (ladar). In the simplest sense, the ladar’s laser transmitter output is amplitudemodulated with a radio-frequency subcarrier, which itself is linearly frequency-modulated. The subcarrier signal may have a start frequency in the tens to low hundreds of megahertz and a stop frequency in the hundreds of megahertz to low gigahertz. The difference between the start and stop frequency, ?F, is chosen to establish the desired range resolution ?R according to the usual equation from FM radar theory, ?R= c/2 ?F, where c is the velocity of light. The target-reflected light is incoherently detected with a photodiode and converted into a voltage waveform. This waveform is then mixed with an undelayed sample of the original modulation waveform. The output of the mixer is processed to remove ‘‘self-clutter’’ that is commonly generated in FM ranging systems and obscures the true target signals. The clutter-free waveform is then processed coherently using the discrete Fourier transform to recover target amplitude and range. A breadboard of the ladar architecture was developed around a 100-mW GaAlAs diode laser operating at 817 nm. Imagery and range responses obtained show that the theoretical range resolution of 0.25 m was attained for a ?F of 600 MHz. Embodiments of this ladar are likely to be practical and economical for both military and commercial applications because low-cost continuous wave (cw) laser diodes are used, coherent optical mixing is not required, and the postmixing processor bandwidth is low.

We have designed a new ladar (laser radar) for the detection of objects off the line of sight. The ladar operates by transmitting a signal through free space into a fiber optic relay, and receiving the returning signal from a obstacle. The transmitted signal is a laser diode emitting at 1550 nm, ideal from the aspects of eye safety and minimum loss in a silica fiber. Its immediate application is in railroad-transportation safety, where it detects obstacles present on the track with a very high probability of detection and a very low probability of false alarm.

A method for converting single-mode Gaussian beams into beams with uniform irradiance profiles is described. The design is based on a Fourier transform relation between the input and output beam functions. The efficacy of the solution is shown to depend on a parameter that contains the product of the widths of the input and output beams. Problems associated with errors in system alignment and scale are discussed. Numerical illustrations and experimental results are presented.

The selection of a short-pulse laser is important in electrical pulse metrology applications where the electrical pulses are generated photoconductively. Not only is the duration of the generated electrical pulse important, but so is the peak amplitude of that pulse. Insufficient pulse amplitude may cause excessive uncertainty in measurement results. An approximation is presented that can provide guidelines to selecting the optimal short-pulse laser according to photoconductor, laser, and measurement system characteristics.

A transmissive liquid crystal valve for carrying out optical thresholding operations is proposed. It operates in parallel, that is, all the pixels of input are processed together simultaneously. The device is based on an amorphous silicon photoconductor and the features of liquid crystals. It does not require control architecture using very large scale integration (VLSI), so we can achieve a larger aperture ratio, higher resolution (more than 45 lines/mm), and a higher space-bandwidth product (more than 4 X 105 pixels). Its response time is about 10 ms. Its processing capacity can reach approximately 2 X 107 thresholding operations/s. The light valve does not break the beam propagation path, and can plug and play easily in optical processing and neural network systems. Its design, fabrication, and thresholding features are presented.

The calibration of densitometers and microdensitometers is discussed in terms of the physical standards necessary to accomplish it. The need for calibration of these instruments is briefly considered, particularly for those forensic investigators looking at evidential photographic materials with a microdensitometer. The calibration process is reviewed for both instruments to prepare for a new procedure to follow. Since a great deal of microdensitometer work is carried out on materials about whose characteristics nothing is known, the problem of obtaining data in terms of diffuse (visual) density is almost impossible. However, a bootstrap calibration, based on the scan of a standard step tablet and scans of selected portions of the specimen is shown to be feasible. It requires a calibrated densitometer to quantify the results and has reasonable accuracy within the necessary assumptions. An example is given.

A design tool that aids in designing, evaluating, and comparing various implementations of optical symbolic substitution is presented. A hierarchical, modular approach to design similar to that used in digital electronics is supported to facilitate the design of large complex systems. This tool is composed of a schematic capture unit, a simulator unit, and an evaluation unit. Starting with the definition of certain basic or integrated optical elements performing well-defined functions, a schematic capture unit helps to design specific functions. The simulator tool helps to verify the design and the evaluation tool determines its complexity. The usefulness of this design tool is demonstrated with an example design of a simple four-function arithmetic logic unit.

A micro-optical system is proposed that uses a stack of four microlens arrays for 1:1 imaging of extended object planes. The system is based on the concept of multiple-aperture imaging. A compact system is presented that is remarkable in that it provides a diffraction-limited resolution of 3 mm for unlimited object and image areas. Resolution of 5 µm has been demonstrated for an area of 20 X 20 mm2 in an experimental setup using melting resist microlens arrays (190-mm lens diameter). The investigated imaging system was developed in connection with a new contactless photolithographic technique called microlens lithography. This new lithographic imaging technique provides an increased depth of focus (>50 µm) at a larger working distance (>1 mm) than with customary proximity printing. Potential applications are photolithography for large print areas (flat panel displays, color filters), for thick photoresist layers (micromechanics), on curved surfaces (or substrates with poor planarity), in V grooves, etc.

Photoelastic modulators (PEMs) consisting of a plane-parallel dielectric plate exhibit multiple internal reflections like those in a Fabry- Perot interferometer. If a PEM is illuminated by a coherent radiation source at normal incidence, a modulation of the intensity of transmitted light can be observed. In a recent paper by Oakberg, the modulated interference effect was interpreted as periodic thickness variations of the PEM plate. We discuss three different models that describe interference modulation in PEMs. Then, it is experimentally demonstrated for a PEM with a symmetric optical element that the periodic variation of the refractive index in the PEM plate is responsible for this modulated interference effect.

Achromatic half-wave and quarter-wave retarders are commonly produced by combining two plates of different birefringent materials with properly chosen thicknesses. A theoretical analysis is presented leading to a systematic procedure for choosing a combination of materials that minimizes the residual variation of the retardation with wavelength. This analysis also shows how the residual variation of the retardation with wavelength can be almost completely eliminated with a combination of three birefringent materials.

The Cesarian telescope consists of concave primary and secondary mirrors facing each other on the system’s optical axis, carrying the same curves and hyperbolic deformation constants. The name is descriptive in that the secondary mirror can be taken from the middle of the primary mirror, with appropriate preparation, after finishing is completed, necessitating the fabrication and testing of only one optical surface. The final focal plane can be designed to emerge at the side via a small, flat diagonal or behind the primary utilizing relay lenses. A small, Maksutov-style lens located near the focal plane will completely correct the system’s coma, which is in any case significantly less than that of the equivalent Newtonian reflector. This is achieved while retaining perfect stigmatism and excellent chromatic correction. The primary can also function as the objective of a Ritchey-Chré tien design in an alternative configuration.

A couple of metachrome II samples having different thicknesses are tested as the downconverter fluorescent layer in the far and vacuum UV (58 to 297 nm). Their performance is compared with that obtained by tetraphenyl butadiene, another scintillator widely used in this spectral region. The emission angular distribution, the fluorescent spectrum, and the absolute conversion efficiencies are measured for all of the phosphors. The results show some peculiar effects related to the incident angle with the surface where the phosphors are deposited; moreover, they show that tetraphenyl butadiene offers higher efficiency than metachrome II, but also that the latter shows good efficiency throughout the investigated spectral region. This fact indicates that interesting applications can be performed with metachrome II when it is used as the downconverter phosphor with silicon detectors whose spectral response matches well the emission spectrum of metachrome II. For example, this could enable having CCDs sensitive in the extreme UV region, without requiring very expensive and sophisticated UV-sensitive treatments.

A general analysis for the first-order design of the twoconjugate zoom system, which consists of three lenses and has a real or virtual image, is presented. The design formulas are derived. Of twoconjugate zoom systems, we analyze the solution areas in the system parameter diagrams under two particular initial conditions in which the object/image and pupil magnifications of the middle lens are taken to be 1 and 21 or 21 and 1. Two design methods are proposed. Several examples are given to demonstrate the proposed design procedures.

In 1970, Antoine Labeyrie proposed the technique of astronomical speckle interferometry, and shortly afterwards demonstrated its effectiveness by producing, for the very first time, diffraction-limited fullaperture resolution from the 5-m Hale telescope at Mount Palomar [see Gezari, Labeyrie and Stachnik, Astrophys. J., 173 L1 (1972)].

This PDF file contains the editorial “Book Rvw: Laser Spectroscopy: Basic Concepts and Instrumentation, Second Enlarged Edition," by W. Demtroder for OE Vol. 35 Issue 11