This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 13440, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and Conference Committee information.

One of the most difficult problems the world is now experiencing is climate change. Global warming has long-term, regional effects on ethics, science, society, politics, and the economy. Renewable energy sources and energy storage technologies are potential solutions to this problem. The current study highlights the role that metal oxide supercapacitors play in advancing sustainable energy practices. This aligns with many Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such as Goal 13 (Climate Action) and Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy). This work investigates the manufacture of metal oxide supercapacitors via hydrothermal synthesis and in situ polymerization, emphasizing their electrochemical characteristics, stability, and conductivity. Furthermore, X-ray diffractometer (XRD) analyses of metal oxide materials' crystal structures, which provide light on crystal phases, crystallite size, and orientation. Using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the metal oxide electrode's surface morphology is examined. Electrochemical properties are studied by optimizing a setup which includes the selection of the electrodes, electrolyte, and cell configuration, for supercapacitor testing. This work uses UV spectrophotometry to study electronic transitions in metal oxide materials, with a focus on photonics. This research explores the development of advanced metal oxide supercapacitors, which offer practical solutions for global warming, clean energy development, and sustainable energy storage.

High-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) devices made of gallium nitride can produce significant power and high frequency with performance levels that surpass those of conventional silicon and other cutting-edge semiconducting FET technologies. In this paper, we simulate and analyze the outcomes of two high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) designs. One arrangement, named as conventional structure, consists of an AlGaN layer stacked above a GaN layer forming a heterojunction. At this junction, a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) layer is created, which serves as the structure's distinguishing feature. To enhance the device performance, the alternative structure, named as proposed structure, adds an AlN spacer in the middle of the existing AlGaN and GaN films. In this study, a very high maximum saturation drain current is reported with appropriate optimization parameters. The study compares the energy band diagram, electric field arrangement, and drain output curves of both structures. Furthermore, this research suggests that combining AlGaN/AlN/GaN HEMTs with LEDs can enhance the functionality of LEDs from an application standpoint. The simulations are performed by utilizing APSYS CROSSLIGHT software and it is shown that the proposed structure has outstanding outcomes.

This study aims at analyzing the efficiency of high-power cavity filters in fulfilling the standard communication parameters for ground transceivers. It studied BPFs (Band Pass Filters) and particularly the cavity-type by performing detailed explanation of the design process. The research summarizes important design stages, like tuning, coupling, feeding of the cavity filter and parametric optimization is also explored through numerical simulations. According to the designed calculations, the prototype is simulated with a FDTD Solver. The end physical dimensions of the filter are calculated after going through rigorous optimization to ensure it works well. The required filter parameters including bandwidth, insertion loss, return loss, and VSWR, are obtained by the screw’s adjustment, thus the filter performance is improved. The 4th-order cavity filter with 2.4 GHz center frequency, 200 MHz bandwidth, and 0.01 dB passband ripple is then optimized with an improved quality factor design which also includes disk-based capacitive coupled technology for the feeding method. Finally, the most optimized design is fabricated, and its performance is tested by vector network analyzer. The results of the fabricated single bandpass cavity filter are compared with the designed simulated ones and the given specifications have a close alignment. This paper concludes that cavity filters should be one of the key characteristics of ground transceivers since they meet the required performance characteristics, and they can be conveniently designed and implemented in the practical world.

We examined the effect of AlGaInN interlayer on the performance of red InGaN laser diodes through numerical simulations. The findings indicate a significant rise in output power from 146 mW to 170 mW as well as an improvement in slope efficiency from 0.23 W/A to 0.52 W/A. Additionally, the proposed device exhibits improved gain and radiative current density.

Abstract- A tri-band, compact, flexible, and wearable antenna is simulated, numerically analyzed, and fabricated for on-body wireless body area network (WBAN) communication applications. The flexible design of the antenna is capable of operating at three different frequencies 2.45 GHz for the Industrial Scientific Medical band (ISM), 3.5 GHz for WiMAX, and 5.2 GHz for Wireless Local Area Network. The overall design dimensions are 2618×0.543mm3; the proposed antenna design is a combination of inverted C-shaped patches, a defective ground plane, and a microstrip feed line. The antenna layout is developed in CST Microwave Studio and then fabricated on polymer-based substrate Roger 5880. The antenna's maximum gain, 2.34 dBi, is attained at 5.2 GHz, while its minimum gain, 1.2 dBi, is seen at 2.45 GHz. When the antenna is working at 2.45 GHz, the maximum radiation efficiency is around 79.25 %. Additionally, bending analysis of design is numerically evaluated along x- and y-axes at three distinct radii of 20, 40, and 60 mm, respectively. The antenna is also tested on a human phantom model to predict on-body exploration of the specific absorption rate (SAR). All experimental and simulation results regarding this antenna are suitable for body-worn emerging applications.

The performance and efficiency of 25 μm Indium Gallium Nitride (InGaN) blue micro light emitting diodes (μLEDs) is improved by optimizing electron blocking layer (EBL). The simulation is carried out through APSYS (Advanced Physical Models of Semiconductor Devices). Different μLEDs with various p-AlGaN EBL concentrations and EBL thicknesses were analyzed to discuss the effects of different EBL designs on the internal quantum efficiency (IQE), emission intensity, and output power of InGaN-based μLEDs. Simulation results showed an enhancement in IQE of up to 60% at a current density of 0.8 A/cm2 with an increase in EBL thickness and a decrease in aluminium (Al) concentration. The ideal μLED device is obtained with optimized EBL from different combinations of thicknesses and concentrations of Al in p-AlGaN EBL. Similarly, emission intensity is enhanced 4 times more than the e mission intensity of the reference structure at low current density. The enhanced optical and electrical performance of InGaN-based μLED is due to high carrier transport in the active region, which results in high radiative recombination of electrons and holes and thus high IQE and output power. Therefore, this study is crucial for the design of high-performance InGaN-based μLEDs at low current density.

The zirconia (zirconium dioxide) is fabricated using solid state sintering technique. The XRD and their refinement data declare the proper growth of ZrO₂ materials. The modest value X2 (goodness of fit 1.558) shows that proper symmetrical formation of crystal. The XRD pattern shows the single symmetrical formation of baddeleyites. The different parameters like lattice constant, angle beta, atomic sites, wyckoff position and R-profile components are obtained from software. There is no secondary peak and distortion is elucidated. The diamond software shows the seven-fold of cations linkage present in ZrO₂ symmetry. The clear monoclinic grain formation without any stacking is observed in SEM analysis. The characteristic stretching and bending vibration of metal ions between 503-617 cm-1 is identifying the single zirconia phase with FTIR analysis. The specific capacitance 502, 432, 347, 316 and 262 F/g are observed at 10,20,30,40 and 50 mVs^-1 respectively utilizing the Cyclic Voltametric data. These values cross matched with the charging and discharging (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. It is found in the range of 546-282 F/g in GCD while for EIS it is observed in the range of 487-254 F/g which can be used as novel walnut shells bas slurry electrode production, especially for supercapacitors working electrode.

A series of M-type barium hexaferrite with chemical composition BaLa_xFe_12-xO₁₉ (x=0, 0.2, 0.5,) were synthesized by mechanical milling and sintered at 1100°C for 2h. The structural properties have been investigated through an X-pert high score and the retrieved pattern revealed the formation of a single-phase magnetoplumbite structure. The diamond software also confirms the magnetoplumbite structure along with its Wyckoff positions. Each hexaferrite sample contains 60 atoms and they have been dispersed in 11 different symmetry sites also known as Wyckoff sites. Whereas the Fe⁺³ atoms are allocated in main five crystallographic sites such as 12 k, 2a, 2b, 4f1, and 4f2, respectively. The SEM images confirm the hexagonal shape of the particles. The magnetic properties reveal the clear ferromagnetic M-H curve in which the value of coercivity, saturation magnetization and remanence magnetization increases with La⁺³ content. The change in the value of Hc is due of substitution which change uniaxial anisotropy constant at the 4f₂ and 2b sites The electrochemical performance of the pseudocapacitor La⁺³ substituted BaHF was studied by cyclic voltammetry. It was found that by increasing concentration the specific capacitance also increased monotonically from 621 to 984 F. g -1. It is also confirmed from past work, the utilization of low scan rates is responsible for higher Csp values due to their longer time, deep penetration in pores.

Peripheral blood smear examination is a crucial step in the assessment of blood cell types following automated complete blood count analysis. While manual microscopy is known for its precision, it is time-consuming and demands expertise, resulting in a 3–4-hour turnaround time in healthcare settings. To address this challenge, computerized automation, particularly employing deep learning techniques, emerges as a promising solution offering both speed and costeffectiveness. Nonetheless, the success of these systems coverage upon the presence of well-annotated datasets. This research contributed to the field by introducing the Bio-Net dataset which is a large collection of peripheral blood smear images of healthy individuals annotated specifically as training and test sets for the purpose of blood cell counting and detection. A specialized version of the dataset designed for White Blood Cell (WBC) classification was also included as an extension of the dataset to meet clinical requirements. Where the dataset’s usage with this variant allows classification of WBCs using the Bio-Net dataset and the YOLO object detection algorithm for automatic detection and classification of WBCs, RBCs and platelets with an updated configuration file to assist in improving accuracy and generalize the Bio- Net dataset. A repeating trend of object detection and tracking has been shown over the years with the introduction of techniques like real-time hand tracking, image classification at high speed and analysis of facial features that quickly identify emotions and heartbeats. These and similar systems are now being improved in terms of their accuracy for medical images of various kinds. Bio-Net datasets may find their use in a variety of these areas and help the future creation of systems such as those mentioned. A huge milestone has been achieved in the field of medical research with the synergistic combination of AI-based detection methods with this dataset, as it provides an easier, faster, and more cost-effective way to process and analyze biodata that helps deepen our knowledge of blood cell composition. Such advancement also has ramifications in the clinical sphere where prompt and accurate blood cell analysis is key for making timely diagnoses as well as treatment determinations. To conclude, the Bio-Net dataset coded as AI-based detection ways to provide more precise understanding with biological analysis got from supplementary blood smear studies.

Fundus imaging is a crucial aspect of ophthalmology, and the development of smartphone-based solutions has been a rapidly growing field for over a decade. Despite the known benefits of using smartphones for retinal imaging, such as ease and cost-effectiveness, there has been a lack of available devices in this domain as there are only two Asian devices and only eleven devices available commercially worldwide. The development of more devices also helps in reduction of cost and competition makes the quality better. This study addresses this gap by developing a local, inexpensive smartphonebased portable fundus camera using a single lens. The device was designed and simulated using Zemax OpticStudio and then physical model was developed and tested on a Heine Ophthalmoscope trainer eye model. The results obtained were comparable to those of the gold standard Topcon tabletop fundus camera, with a wide field of view of 46 degrees. Additionally, this device is 20 times cheaper and 3 times smaller than conventional tabletop cameras. The potential for this device to meet the requirements of retinal imaging in an outreach setting, particularly in middle or low-income countries, makes it a groundbreaking solution for accessible and affordable retinal imaging in under-served areas.

Optical metasurfaces have emerged as an attractive platform for manipulating the wavefront of light. Due to their compact form factor and compatibility with semiconductor fabrication, metasurfaces offer a promising optical platform for compact integration with electronics. In this work, we demonstrate the metasurface engineering workflow through design and fabrication. We outline the conventional forward design and inverse design strategies for metasurfaces tailored to shape spatial optical wavefronts, and further demonstrate their experimental realization using standard nanofabrication techniques.

Ion-acoustic shock waves are studied in an unmagnetized plasma consisting of Cairns-Tsallis distributed electrons and cold ions. The dissipa- tion is introduced in the system via kinematic viscosity. Using standard reductive perturbation method two nonlinear equations namely Korteweg - deVries Burgers (KdV-B) and Burgers are derived by using two different sets of stretched variables and the solutions are obtained using the tangent hyperbolic method. It is found that the nonthermal and the nonextensive parameters have opposite effect on the phase velocity of the wave. Further, kinematic viscosity, nonthermality and nonextensivity significantly affect the transition from solitary wave to shock wave. The system under consideration admits rarefactive shock structures. Nonthermal effect enhances the amplitude of the shock potential while the nonextensive parameter reduces it. The kinematic viscosity also reduces the steepening of the shock wave but the amplitude remains unchanged. The analysis presented in this manuscript could be useful for explaining the basic features of ion-acoustic shock waves in magnetospheric plasma which contains an excess of nonthermal particles.

The development of low-loss optical waveguides holds paramount significance in the realm of monolithic photonic integrated circuits, enabling efficient light propagation and integration of various components on a single chip. Optical waveguides are integral optical sources for these photonic integrated circuits and are gaining importance in fields such as LiDAR, atmospheric monitoring, optical communication, etc. to count only a few. We present a novel approach to fabricate high-quality, low propagation loss waveguides in a lead-germanate glass (GPGN) possessing high linear and nonlinear refractive indices. This approach of waveguide fabrication is referred to as femtosecond laser direct writing (FLDW) technique. This technique enables short cavity (microscale level) laser operation in the near-IR spectral region. By employing different pulse energies and writing regimes (i.e. athermal (100 kHz), thermal (5 MHz), and intermediate (1 MHz)) a series of single line and double line waveguides (WGs) were inscribed in the sample to determine the optimal femtosecond laser (FSL) parameter set for inducing high quality 3D waveguides in GPGN glass. The high nonlinear refractive index (n2) of germanate glass produced strong self-focusing effects in the sample for all FSL repetition rates employed in the study. These self-focusing effects resulted in non-uniform guiding structures in the sample that added to the propagation losses of the WGs. The double-line waveguide fabricated with a 1 MHz pulse repetition frequency exhibited the lowest propagation loss of ~ 0.2 dB/cm at 1550 nm. To the best of our knowledge, this low-loss waveguide demonstrated the highest laser slope efficiency of 27%. These findings underscore the considerable potential of GPGN glass for efficient lasing applications within the near-IR spectral region.

Gold (Au) doped ZnO thin film was synthesized on a glass slide through sol gel- dip coating method. Thin film was annealed at optimized temperature. The optical properties of gold-ZnO film were characterized by UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometery. The band gap energy value was found to be 3.71e V, carried out in 300-1000nm range. The optical studies of Au-ZnO thin film demonstrated its potential for optoelectronic applications. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) structural studies confirm the wurtzite hexagonal structure of Au doped ZnO thin film. Preferential growth occurs along the (101) plane. The size of the crystallite was measured to be 25.01nm. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that the film has a granular structure. The doping of Au influenced surface morphology and roughness of the film. Vibrating Sample Manometer (VSM) measurements revealed that the deposited film is ferromagnetic at room temperature.