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The problem of accurate measurement of scattering and absorption of small absorbers has recently been solved by what is termed a "substitution technique" in which a suitable medium surrounds the biological object and affords an essentially infinite and homogeneous photon migration space in which scattering and absorption factors may be precisely determined. This approach finds applications in the quantitation of hemoglobin saturation and important concentration changes. This opens up the possibility of quantifying such data for small absorbers and scatterers. One case of particular interest is the human finger or earlobe in which the pulse oximetry industry is based.
B. Chance
"Time resolved spectroscopy over short pathlengths of small absorber scatterers", Proc. SPIE 10311, Medical Optical Tomography: Functional Imaging and Monitoring, 103110W (5 August 1993); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2283777
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B. Chance, "Time resolved spectroscopy over short pathlengths of small absorber scatterers," Proc. SPIE 10311, Medical Optical Tomography: Functional Imaging and Monitoring, 103110W (5 August 1993); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2283777