Lithium concentration profiles in APE:LiNbO3 optical waveguides

Pavla Nekvindova; Jarmila Spirkova-Hradilova; Jiri Vacik; Jarmila Cervena; Josef Schroefel

doi:10.1117/12.373600

29 December 1999 Lithium concentration profiles in APE:LiNbO₃ optical waveguides

Pavla Nekvindova, Jarmila Spirkova-Hradilova, Jiri Vacik, Jarmila Cervena, Josef Schroefel

Author Affiliations +

Proceedings Volume 4016, Photonics, Devices, and Systems; (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.373600
Event: Photonics Prague '99, 1999, Prague, Czech Republic

Abstract

Lithium concentration depth profiles of proton exchanged (PE) and annealed proton exchanged (APE) lithium niobate optical waveguides were monitored by neutron depth profiling (NDP) for a large variety of the samples. Results of the measurements are related to the corresponding n_e depth profiles as measure by the standard prisms coupling method. It was found that c_Li depth profiles of the PE waveguides fabricated in X- and Z-cuts using the same fabrication conditions are almost identical indicating thus very similar extend of H⁺ $ARLR Li⁺ exchange reaction. The maximal depths of the exchanged layers were 3 micrometers . The following annealing causes a massive transport of lithium atoms towards the exchanged regions of the as- exchanged samples which is differs in the both types of the cuts. The Li-transport in the X-cuts seems to be hampered by a barrier formed by the larger amount of in-diffused interstitial hydrogen in the X-cuts, which results in a more-less step-like profiles of the X-cuts parameters. A formula relating n_c to C_Li values for the APE waveguides is also presented.

Citation Download Citation

Pavla Nekvindova, Jarmila Spirkova-Hradilova, Jiri Vacik, Jarmila Cervena, and Josef Schroefel "Lithium concentration profiles in APE:LiNbO₃ optical waveguides", Proc. SPIE 4016, Photonics, Devices, and Systems, (29 December 1999); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.373600

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