Current 3D fabrication approaches either do not have nanoscale resolution, or are severely limited in terms of materials or structure. Here we present optical positioning and linking (OPAL), which uses optical tweezers and biotin-avidin linkage chemistry to assemble previously infeasible metamaterial and biosensor structures out of building blocks. These building blocks include polystyrene microspheres, gold nanospheres, and silica-gold nanoshells. We present the precision assembly of >440 particles into a 3D structure, as well as the fastest published optical tweezer nanoparticle manipulation speeds. Structures are designed using the coupled dipole method, which is particularly fast for these types of structures.
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