Users and suppliers of multiphoton microscopy recognize the rapid growth in use-cases of non-linear imaging techniques – from advanced neuroscience to embryology, from H&E histology augmentation/replacement to clinical endoscopy. This variety of applications, together with the expanding number of probes, beam manipulation, delivery and excitation schemes, is a strong driving force for the continuous advancements in parameters and functionality of the commercial femtosecond laser sources used for these applications. In this presentation we will review novel developments in femtosecond lasers and their interplay with emerging techniques. Among these, we will look at 3-photon excitation microscopy, 2-photon holographic imaging and optogenetic stimulation, and their enablement of all-optical investigation of neural activities. We will also describe how an increasing level of optical integration helps to streamline the laser usage in the laboratory and (pre-)clinical environment.
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