Irregularities of ocular pulsatility are associated with some of the most severe eye diseases. Here, we present a high-speed visible light OCT for simultaneous high-resolution structural imaging and measuring local heartbeat-induced micro-displacements in corneas of rodents. The analysis of complex OCT signal dynamics across repeated frame acquisitions enables tissue motion measurements with high spatial and temporal resolution. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate in vivo imaging in corneas of wildtype mice and reveal subtle structural deformations related to ocular pulsation. Our data in mouse eyes hold promise for a passive, noncontact elastography technique that may enable a new paradigm of OCT based measurements and image contrast.
To evaluate the performance of intraocular lenses to treat cataract, an optomechanical eye model was developed. One of the most crucial components is the IOL holder, which should guarantee a physiological representation of the capsular bag and a stable position during measurement sequences. Individual holders are required due to the fact that every IOL has different geometric parameters. A method which allows obtaining the correct dimensions for the holder of a special IOL was developed and tested, by verifying the position of the IOL before and after a measurement sequence. Results of telecentric measurements and MTF measurements show that the IOL position does not change during the displacement sequence induced by the stepper motors of the eye model.
To treat cataract intraocular lenses (IOLs) are used to replace the clouded human eye lens. Due to postoperative healing processes the IOL can displace within the eye, which can lead to deteriorated quality of vision. To test and characterize these effect an IOL can be embedded into a model of the humane eye. One informative measure are wavefront aberrations. In this paper three different setups, the typical double-pass configuration (DP), a single-pass (SP1) where the measured light travels in the same direction as in DP and a single-pass (SP2) with reversed direction, are investigated. All three setups correctly measure the aberrations of the eye, where SP1 is found to be the simplest to set up and align. Because of the lowest complexity it is the proposed method for wavefront measurement in model eyes.
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is considered as one of the most important additive manufacturing processes due to component stability and its broad range of usable materials. However the influence of the different process parameters on mechanical workpiece properties is still poorly studied, leading to the fact that further optimization is necessary to increase workpiece quality. In order to investigate the impact of various process parameters, laboratory experiments are implemented to improve the understanding of the SLS limitations and advantages on an educational level. Experiments are based on two different workstations, used to teach students the fundamentals of SLS. First of all a 50 W CO2 laser workstation is used to investigate the interaction of the laser beam with the used material in accordance with varied process parameters to analyze a single-layered test piece. Second of all the FORMIGA P110 laser sintering system from EOS is used to print different 3D test pieces in dependence on various process parameters. Finally quality attributes are tested including warpage, dimension accuracy or tensile strength. For dimension measurements and evaluation of the surface structure a telecentric lens in combination with a camera is used. A tensile test machine allows testing of the tensile strength and the interpreting of stress-strain curves. The developed laboratory experiments are suitable to teach students the influence of processing parameters. In this context they will be able to optimize the input parameters depending on the component which has to be manufactured and to increase the overall quality of the final workpiece.
Cataract, a clouding of the crystalline eye lens, is the leading cause of blindness. It can effectively be treated by cataract surgery, where the clouded lens is replaced by an artificial intraocular lens (IOL). Postoperative healing processes can cause a displacement of the IOL, which further leads to the fact that the quality of vision is deteriorated. Studies have shown that the imaging quality of high sophisticated IOL designs is more sensitive to lens displacements than simpler designs.
The effects of IOL displacements are not well represented and tested within the current IOL test standard ISO 11979-2. This fact leads to the necessity to develope new test standards for novel and more sophisticated IOL designs. In this paper we present an improved model eye, which extends the current standard in three main aspects: First, the eye-model is very close to the physiology of the human eye. Second, electromechanic drives allow an automatic and precise simulation of postoperative lens tilts and decentrations, and finally in addition to standard conform MTF analysis, in the proposed setup also wavefront aberrations are measured. The latter reveals specific image aberrations caused by lens displacements. The model eye allows to objectively analyze the displacement tolerance of various IOL designs. The functionality of this novel setup is tested by measuring a spherical and an aspheric IOL design. Additionally, for comparison, IOLs that were already investigated with a previous version of the presented model eye are used for analysis. Measurements results reveal improvements compared to the previous version of the model eye and a functional prototype for wavefront measurement.
Cataract still remains the leading cause of blindness affecting 20 million people worldwide. To restore the patients vision the natural lens is removed and replaced by an intraocular lens (IOL). In modern cataract surgery the posterior capsular bag is maintained to prevent inflammation and to enable stabilization of the implant. Refractive changes following cataract surgery are attributable to lens misalignments occurring due to postoperative shifts and tilts of the artificial lens. Mechanical eye models allow a preoperative investigation of the impact of such misalignments and are crucial to improve the quality of the patients’ sense of sight. Furthermore, the success of sophisticated IOLs that correct high order aberrations is depending on a critical evaluation of the lens position. A new type of an IOL holder is designed and implemented into a preexisting mechanical eye model. A physiological representation of the capsular bag is realized with an integrated film element to guarantee lens stabilization and centering. The positioning sensitivity of the IOL is evaluated by performing shifts and tilts in reference to the optical axis. The modulation transfer function is used to measure the optical quality at each position. Lens stability tests within the holder itself are performed by determining the modulation transfer function before and after measurement sequence. Mechanical stability and reproducible measurement results are guaranteed with the novel capsular bag model that allows a precise interpretation of postoperative lens misalignments. The integrated film element offers additional stabilization during measurement routine without damaging the haptics or deteriorating the optical performance.
Mechanical eye models are used to validate ex vivo the optical quality of intraocular lenses (IOLs). The quality
measurement and test instructions for IOLs are defined in the ISO 11979-2. However, it was mentioned in
literature that these test instructions could lead to inaccurate measurements in case of some modern IOL designs.
Reproducibility of alignment and measurement processes are presented, performed with a semiautomatic
mechanical ex vivo eye model based on optical properties published by Liou and Brennan in the scale 1:1. The
cornea, the iris aperture and the IOL itself are separately changeable within the eye model. The adjustment of
the IOL can be manipulated by automatic decentration and tilt of the IOL in reference to the optical axis of
the whole system, which is defined by the connection line of the central point of the artificial cornea and the iris
aperture.
With the presented measurement setup two quality criteria are measurable: the modulation transfer function
(MTF) and the Strehl ratio. First the reproducibility of the alignment process for definition of initial conditions
of the lateral position and tilt in reference to the optical axis of the system is investigated. Furthermore, different
IOL holders are tested related to the stable holding of the IOL. The measurement is performed by a before-after
comparison of the lens position using a typical decentration and tilt tolerance analysis path. Modulation transfer
function MTF and Strehl ratio S before and after this tolerance analysis are compared and requirements for
lens holder construction are deduced from the presented results.
As cataracts are the most common reason for loss of vision with an age over 55, the implantation of intraocular intraocular
lenses is one of the most common surgical interventions. The quality measurement and test instructions for the patients. Therefore more efforts are put into the individualization of IOL in order to achieve better imaging properties. Two examples of typical quality standards for IOL are the modulated transfer function (MTF) and the Strehl ratio which can be measured in vivo or also in mechanical eye models. A mechanical eye model in the scale 1:1 is presented. It has been designed to allow the measurement of the MTF and Strehl ratio and simultaneous evaluation of physiological imaging quality. The eye model allows the automatic analysis of the IOL especially focused on the tolerance for tilting and decentering. Cornea, iris aperture and IOL type are interchangeable, because all these parts are implemented by the use of separated holders. The IOL is mounted on a shift plate. Both are mounted on a tilt plate. This set-up guarantees an independent decentration and tilt of the IOL, both moved by electrical drives. This set–up allows a two–dimensional tolerance analysis of decentration and tilt effects. Different 100×100 point (decentration×tilt) analyzes for various iris apertures, needing only approximately 15 minutes, are presented.
For testing of aspheric surfaces, null-CGH were needed in different sizes and numerical apertures. The design of the CGH pattern from the wave front to be produced leads to physical problems and last not least to writing times that can strongly influence the price of the CGH. Due to this problems, we investigated the validity of the thin element approximation (TEA) that is the most usual and most convenient method for CGH pattern design. By using rigorous results for the change of the wave front to be constructed, it is possible to use TEA in an extended range. The investigation of the pattern decomposition has shown its influence on the data volume and writing time as well on the CGH quality. Using this knowledge, CGHs having up to 130mm diameter and numerical apertures of 0.55 have been fabricated.
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