High precision Doppler spectroscopy hinges on an accurate understanding of the wavelength-to-pixel mapping (wavelength solution) of the spectrograph, including particularly systematics related to the detector. Herein, we describe the uniformity and stability of the wavelength solution of the Habitable-zone Planet Finder (HPF), a near-infrared spectrograph that utilizes a Hawaii-2RG (H2RG) hybrid CMOS detector. We focus on time-varying discontinuities equivalent to approximately 10 m/s in the otherwise-smooth wavelength solution, corresponding to the boundaries between H2RG readout channels. This behavior is revealed by calibration with dedicated laser frequency comb and white light-illuminated Fabry-Perot systems over a ~1 year baseline. These findings will inform the usage of similar near-infrared CMOS devices for high-precision applications including Doppler exoplanet and gravitational lensing WFIRST surveys.
Laser frequency combs are an ideal calibration source for precision astronomical spectrographs. We report on the demonstrated long term operation of a laser frequency comb that we designed and built as the primary calibrator for the Habitable Zone Planet Finder (HPF). The core technology of the comb is based on robust, polarization maintaining fiber coupled electro-optic modulators and broadband supercontinuum generation spanning 700-1600 nm in an efficient silicon nitride waveguide. The comb is continuously maintained on and ready to use, and since May 2018 the laser frequency comb has had a total uptime of 97%.
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