KEYWORDS: Software development, Telescopes, Data modeling, Computer architecture, Control systems, Atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, Data acquisition, Data archive systems, Design, Cameras
The Astrophysics with Italian Replicating Technology Mirrors (ASTRI) Mini-Array is an international collaboration led by the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) and devoted to imaging atmospheric Cherenkov light for very-high γ-ray astrophysics, detection of cosmic-rays, and stellar Hambury-Brown intensity interferometry. The project is deploying an array of nine dual-mirror aplanatic imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes of 4-m class at the Teide Observatory on Tenerife in the Canary Islands. Based on SiPM sensors, the focal plane camera covers an unprecedented field of view of 10.5 deg in diameter. The array is most sensitive to γ-ray radiation above 1 up to 200 TeV, with an angular resolution of 3 arcmin, better than the current particle arrays, such as LHAASO and HAWC. We describe the overall software architecture of the ASTRI Mini-Array and the software engineering approach for its development. The software covers the entire life cycle of the Mini-Array, from scheduling to remote operations, data acquisition, and processing until data dissemination. The on-site control software allows remote array operations from different locations, including automated reactions to critical conditions. All data are collected every night, and the array trigger is managed post facto. The high-speed networking connection between the observatory site and the Data Center in Rome allows for ready data availability for stereoscopic event reconstruction, data processing, and almost real-time science products generation.
The ASTRI Mini-Array is an international project led by the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) aiming at building and operating an array of nine Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) at the Observatorio del Teide in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). UVSiPM, a calibrated small photon counter working in the 280-900 nm wavelength range, is one of the auxiliary instruments of the ASTRI Mini-Array.
UVSiPM is mainly devoted to measure the level of night sky background during the ASTRI Mini-Array observations in the same energy range of the ASTRI cameras. It is composed of one single multi-pixel SiPM sensor (the same model adopted in the ASTRI Mini-Array Cherenkov cameras) coupled to an electronic chain working in single photon counting mode. The design of the optical system foresees a pin-hole mask equipped with a collimator to regulate the UVSiPM field of view. UVSiPM will be mounted on the external structure of one of the ASTRI Mini-Array telescopes and co-aligned with its camera. In addition, it will be used as a support instrument for the absolute end-to-end calibration of the ASTRI Mini-Array telescopes performed with the illuminator, a further auxiliary device devoted to perform the optical throughput calibration of each telescope of the array. Last but not least, UVSiPM can be used as diagnostic tool for the camera functionalities. In this contribution we present the overall design of the UVSiPM instrument and some preliminary results of its performance based on simulations.
ASTRI-Horn is a 4-m class Cherenkov telescope located on Mt. Etna, Serra La Nave, Italy, operated at the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) “M.G. Fracastoro” observing station. It is the end-to-end prototype for the nine telescopes of the ASTRI Mini-Array, a collaborative international effort led by INAF under construction at the Teide Observatory on Tenerife, in the Canary Islands. The ASTRI Mini-Array is based on nine Image Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) and it is devoted to perform astronomical observations in the high-energy gamma-ray band, above 1 TeV. ASTRI-Horn is characterized by a Schwarzschild-Couder dual-mirror optical design with a 4.3 m diameter primary mirror (M1), segmented in 18 hexagonal panels, and a monolithic 1.8 m diameter secondary mirror. The focal plane camera is based on arrays of Silicon Photo-Multiplier (SiPM) sensors, working in the wavelength band of 300-900 nm. The panels of the upgraded version of the telescope’s primary mirror are based on a multilayer dielectric coating instead of the classical Aluminium (with a thin SiO2 protection layer) coating. This multilayer coating has been designed to strongly reduce the reflectivity above 700 nm, where the diffuse night sky background dominates over the Cherenkov signal from showers and the SiPM sensors are still effective. In this work we present the computation of the average reflectivity of ASTRI-Horn primary mirror starting from reflectivity measurements performed on each panel over a wide wavelength range (200-1000 nm). This experimental average reflectivity curve will be adopted in the ASTRI-Horn simulation chain, which does not handle the reflectivity of the single panels.
KEYWORDS: Atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, Telescopes, Data archive systems, Calibration, Data centers, Data processing, Monte Carlo methods, Data storage, Device simulation, Data acquisition
The ASTRI Mini-Array is an international project led by the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) to build and operate an array of nine 4-m class Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) at the Observatorio del Teide (Tenerife, Spain). The system is designed to perform deep observations of the galactic and extragalactic gamma-ray sky in the TeV and multi-TeV energy band, with important synergies with other ground-based gamma-ray facilities in the Northern Hemisphere and space-borne telescopes. As part of the overall software system, the ASTRI (Astrofisica con Specchi a Tecnologia Replicante Italiana) Team is developing dedicated systems for Data Processing, Simulation, and Archive to achieve effective handling, dissemination, and scientific exploitation of the ASTRI Mini-Array data. Thanks to the high-speed network connection available between Canary Islands and Italy, data acquired on-site will be delivered to the ASTRI Data Center in Rome immediately after acquisition. The raw data will be then reduced and analyzed by the Data Processing System up to the generation of the final scientific products. Detailed Monte Carlo simulated data will be produced by the Simulation System and exploited in several data processing steps in order to achieve precise reconstruction of the physical characteristics of the detected gamma rays and to reject the overwhelming background due to charged cosmic rays. The data access at different user levels and for different use cases, each one with a customized data organization, will be provided by the Archive System. In this contribution we present these three ASTRI Mini-Array software systems, focusing on their main functionalities, components, and interfaces.
KEYWORDS: Data modeling, Atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, Control systems, Software development, Telescopes, Data processing, Data archive systems, Data acquisition, Calibration, Computer architecture
The ASTRI Mini-Array is an international collaboration led by the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) and devoted to the imaging of atmospheric Cherenkov light for very-high gamma-ray astronomy. The project is deploying an array of 9 telescopes sensitive above 1 TeV. In this contribution, we present the architecture of the software that covers the entire life cycle of the observatory, from scheduling to remote operations and data dissemination. The high-speed networking connection available between the observatory site, at the Canary Islands, and the Data Center in Rome allows for ready data availability for stereo triggering and data processing.
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