Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) surgery has a risk of cognitive impairment and neurological injury. Currently, there are few options for non-invasively monitoring brain activity and perfusion, with electroencephalography, transcranial Doppler, and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) all having significant drawbacks. By combining NIRS with diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) we can obtain a more complete picture of cerebral hemodynamics during TAVR procedures and examine the link to neurological outcomes. We show examples of post-valve replacement hemodynamic changes that correspond with worse/better patient outcomes
Cerebral autoregulation (CA), the brain’s ability to regulate perfusion independently of blood pressure, can be assessed by evaluating the degree of correlation between cerebral blood flow (CBF) and mean arterial pressure. Non-invasive, optical measurements of brain hemodynamics using DCS/NIRS can be used to assess CA and show agreement with invasive metrics (laser doppler perfusion and intracranial pressure) in a pediatric swine model of cardiac arrest. Wavelet based coherence methods of assessing autoregulation are a useful alternative to correlation based methods.
Fluorescent two-photon selective-plane illumination microscopy (2P-SPIM) enables deep imaging of cellular information such as proliferation, type identification, and signaling using fluorescence. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can capture complementary structural information based on intrinsic optical scattering. We developed a specialized multimodal high-resolution embryonic imaging system combining the benefits of OCT with 2P-SPIM. The OCT and 2P-SPIM beams were optically co-aligned and scanned using the same scanners and the same objective lens. The resulting light sheet thickness was ~13 µm with a transverse resolution of ~2.1 µm. The OCT system was based on a 1050 nm centered swept source laser with a bandwidth of ~100 nm and a sweep rate of 100 kHz. The OCT system utilized a Michelson-style interferometer and had a lateral resolution of ~15 µm and an axial resolution of ~7 µm. The capabilities of the multimodal imaging system were demonstrated using images of fluorescent microbeads and a fluorescently tagged mouse embryo at gestational day 9.5. Due to the co-alignment of the OCT and 2P-SPIM systems, image registration was simple and allowed for high-throughput multimodal imaging without the use of sophisticated registration methods.
The mechanisms involved in neural tube formation are complex and can be easily disrupted. Neurulation is one such process, governed by mechanical forces where tissues physically fold and fuse. When neural tube folding and closure fail to complete during neurulation, it results in structural and functional abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord. Thus, it is important to understand the interplay between forces and tissue stiffness during neurulation. Brillouin microscopy is an all-optical, noninvasive, high-resolution imaging technique capable of mapping tissue stiffness, but it cannot provide structural information, resulting in “blind” imaging. To overcome this limitation, we have combined a Brillouin microscopy system with optical coherence tomography (OCT) in one synchronized and co-aligned instrument to provide structural guidance when mapping the biomechanical properties of neural tube formation in mouse embryos. We developed custom instrumentation control software that utilizes the OCT structural image to guide Brillouin imaging. We acquired first 3D OCT images and then 2D structural and mechanical maps of mouse embryos at embryonic day (E) 8.5, 9.5, and 10.5. Brillouin microscopy showed the cell-dense layer of neural plate derived from the ectoderm at E 8.5, which was unable to be distinguished with OCT. At E 9.5 and 10.5, the neuroepithelium could be clearly seen by Brillouin microscopy with a greater stiffness than the surrounding tissue. Our results show the capability of the co-aligned and synchronized Brillouin-OCT system to map tissue stiffness of murine embryos using OCT-guided Brillouin microscopy.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) are well-established imaging techniques preferred in developmental biology, e.g., embryonic imaging. However, each technique has its own drawbacks, such as resolution and molecular specificity with OCT and field-of-view (FOV) and speed with LSFM. To overcome these limitations for small animal embryo imaging, we have developed a co-aligned multimodal imaging system combining OCT and LSFM. The OCT probe and LSFM excitation beams were combined and scanned with a galvanometer-mounted mirror through the same objective lens. The light sheet thickness was ~13 μm. The LSFM collection arm consisted of a 0.8 numerical aperture water immersion objective, tube lens, and CCD camera, resulting in a transverse resolution of ~2.1 μm. The OCT system was based on a 100 kHz swept-source laser with a central wavelength of 1050 nm and had a lateral resolution of ~15 µm and an axial resolution of ~7 μm. Images of fluorescent microbeads and a fluorescent-tagged mouse embryo at gestational day 9.5 showed the capabilities of the multimodal imaging system. Since the OCT system and LSFM system were co-aligned, image registration was straightforward and enabled high-throughput multimodal imaging without the need for complex registration techniques.
We developed a high-resolution multimodal system for mouse embryonic imaging that combines Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy (LSFM). LSFM Illumination is restricted to fluorophores in the focal volume, and collecting the light using a microscope objective increases the signal from that plane and reduces the noise coming from outside of the plane. Colinearly aligning this modality with the OCT beam allows one to acquire the structural information from the same plane that is illuminated by the LSFM beam. A 3D image of 9.5 day mouse embryo was captured using this multimodal system.
We present a study of a potential technique to diagnose brain disease using quantum-entangled twin photons. Our method consists of preparing polarization-entangled photon pairs and sending one member of each pair through brain tissue that is either healthy or suffering brain disease, such as Alzheimers, glioblastoma or other. The tissue imparts a decohering effect on the state of the light that we examine via quantum state tomography. Our preliminary experimental data shows a difference in the entanglement measures between healthy tissue and tissue bearing Alzheimers disease. We also explore an imaging technique of brain tissue based on quantum entanglement.
We investigated the shear interferograms that are produced by superpositions of two vortex beams. When the ratio of the amplitudes of the vortex modes is not too dissimilar (ratio less than 0.6 or greater than 1.7) the interferograms contain an array of vortex signatures that can be decoded. The signature of a vortex in shear interferograms consists of linked forks that reveal the sign and magnitude of the topological charge of the vortex. The distribution of vortices in a superposition of two modes is related to the topological charges of the component modes. Thus, the shear pattern of a composite mode can be deciphered to obtain the topological charge of the component beams and their relative amplitude. This method works for diffracting beams such as Laguerre-Gauss (of radial order zero) and other similar types of modes, such as hypergeometric-Gaussian beams.
The topological charge (l) is the parameter that defines the amount of orbital angular momentum (OAM) of beams carrying optical vortices. In this article we expand on a robust experimental method to determine the topological charge that we previously developed [B. Khajavi & E. J .Galvez, Opt. Lett. 42, 1516-1519 (2017)]. This method consist of using a pair of confocal lenses and a wedged optical flat as a shearing interferometer. The interference pattern produced by a pure OAM mode directly reveals the magnitude and sign of the topological charge: two conjoined forks with |l| + 1 number of tines pointing away from (towards) one another for l > 0 (l < 0). Superpositions of two modes with the same value of |l| but with the opposite sign produce shearing interference patterns that can be used the infer the value of l and the relative weight of the component modes.
We investigate disclinations in the orientation of space-variant polarization patterns produced by collinear non-factorizable superpositions of high-order spatial modes and polarization. Asymmetric disclination patterns were formed by superpositions of spatial modes with asymmetric optical vortices. They give rise to monstar patterns of high order that can have a negative or positive disclination index. This has led to an examination of what constitutes a monstar. We present theoretical as well as experimental results.
We investigate a force that has been predicted to discriminate molecules by their chirality when they are in the presence of an optical field with a polarization-helicity gradient. We investigate several experimental geometries for observing evidence of this force via enantiometer separation in racemic mixtures. We do this with singular-optical beams carrying a polarization helicity gradient across their transverse mode. Molecular diffusion and the dipole force – an intensity-gradient force – have so far precluded measurements of this force.
We present modelings of high-order line singularities encoded in space-variant polarization of light. This involves calculating the line patterns produced by the superposition of light beams in orthogonal states of circular polarization, with each beam carrying an optical vortex, and where one of them is asymmetric. This setting allowed us to study the case of monstars of high order. We find that monstars can have positive or negative singularity indices, modifying the previous understanding of the pattern, which was based on the case of lowest-order C- points. Monstars then remain characterized only by their own unique feature: sectors with patterns of mostly curved lines that radiate from the center. Given this definition, we propose that the case where the index is +1 be classified as a monstar. We also found that the asymmetric modes contain kinks that appear in the C-lines of a distinct but related pattern that contains line orientation discontinuities.
We present a same-path polarization interferometer that uses two spatial light modulators to encode the most general type of Poincaré beam. We demonstrate this design by presenting new results on the encoding of symmetric C-point polarization singularities using spatial modes with high-order topological charges. We also present new results on composite C-points. These are cases where there are multiple C-points in a single beam obtained by combining two modes with composite optical vortices in orthogonal states of polarization. The measurements show good agreement with the simulations.
We present analysis and measurements of the polarization patterns produced by non-collinear superpositions of Laguerre-Gauss spatial modes in orthogonal polarization states, which are known as Poincaré modes. Our findings agree with predictions (I. Freund Opt. Lett. 35, 148-150 (2010)), that superpositions containing a C-point lead to a rotation of the polarization ellipse in 3-dimensions. Here we do imaging polarimetry of superpositions of first- and zero-order spatial modes at relative beam angles of 0-4 arcmin. We find Poincaré-type polarization patterns showing fringes in polarization orientation, but which preserve the polarization-singularity index for all three cases of C-points: lemons, stars and monstars.
We prepare heralded single photons in a non-separable superposition of polarization and spatial modes using an in-beam polarization interferometer enabled by a spatial light modulator. We diagnose the quantum state using two techniques: quantum state tomography and imaging polarimetry. The results are in very good agreement with the expectations.
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