Perovskite-based solar cells (PSCs) have opened the possibility of cost-effective, high-efficiency photovoltaic conversion. However, their instabilities prevent them from commercialization. One of the instability triggers has been attributed to the mobile ions flowing into the carrier transport layer(s). To study the effect of this ionic migration, a numerical PSC model is developed, considering electronic and ionic mixed drift-diffusion transport both in the perovskite and the hole transport layer. The inverted PSC architecture, phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)/perovskite/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) with two heterojunctions, is analyzed. The effect of the ionic migration on the performance of the PSCs has been analyzed by (1) the variation of the ionic mobile concentration and (2) the modification of the local trapping density. The current–voltage (J–V) and capacitance–voltage characteristics show that the electric field in the bulk can be screened by the ionic distribution modifying the effective built-in voltage. At high ionic concentrations, the electric field at the interfaces is also affected, hindering the charge extraction. The simulations show that the short circuit current is therefore strongly modified.
The elaboration of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) via a solution deposition process turns out to be a cheaper alternative to the vacuum evaporation technique. However the most popular spin-coating wet deposition process mainly used in the semiconductor industry is not applicable for large mother glass substrates used in display applications. The inkjet technology addresses this drawback and appears to be a good solution to produce on a large scale wet deposited OLEDs1. This process has been commonly used for polymer deposition and only a few examples2–4 have demonstrated the possibility of depositing small molecules in functional devices. Deposition of small molecules from inkjet printing is supposed to be easier than polymers because monomers do not show polydispersity and consequently the viscosity of the solution containing the monomers, the ink, is easily controllable in production. This work aims at fabricating OLEDs composed of inkjet-printed hole-transporting molecules and a new class of fluorescent molecules that have been further UV-photopolymerized right after deposition.
In this work, we experimentally and theoretically investigate half-wavelength-thick Organic Light Emitting Diode
(OLED) in a vertical microcavity. The latter is based on a quarter-wavelength multilayer mirror on one side and a thin
aluminum semi-transparent layer on the other side. Two key parameters are studied for an optimal design of a cavity-
OLED: the organic layer and the metallic cathode thicknesses. The experimental study shows that a 627 nm peak
emission is obtained for a 127 nm-thick OLED hetero-structure. To achieve both desired optical transmission and
effective electron injection, we investigate the influence of the Al cathode thickness on the performance of the
microcavity devices. The experimental results are compared to those obtained by simulations of the emission spectra
using the transfer matrix method and taking into account the organic emitter position inside the cavity.
In this paper, we report the investigation of two-dimensional organic photonic crystal microcavity laser (2D OPCM). The
gain medium consists of an Alq3:DCJTB layer deposited on a planar Si3N4 photonic crystal microcavity. Both H2 and
L3 photonic crystal cavities are studied in terms of quality factor and the resonance wavelength by 3D FDTD
simulations. The structures are characterized under optical pumping by using a Nd:YAG frequency-tripled laser emitting
at 355 nm with a repetition frequency of 10 Hz and a pulse duration of 6 ns. A laser peak at 652 nm is observed for both
cavities with lasing thresholds of 0.014 nJ and 0.017 nJ for the H2 and the L3 cavities, respectively.
White light can be obtained from Organic Light Emitting Diodes by mixing three primary colors, (i.e.
red, green and blue) or two complementary colors in the emissive layer. In order to improve the
efficiency and stability of the devices, a host-guest system is generally used as an emitting layer.
However, the color balance to obtain white light is difficult to control and optimize because the
spectrum is very sensitive to doping concentration (especially when a small amount of material is
used). We use here an ultra-thin mixed emitting layer (UML) deposited by thermal evaporation to
fabricate white organic light emitting diodes (WOLEDs) without co-evaporation. The UML was
inserted in the hole-transporting layer consisting of 4, 4'-bis[N-(1-naphtyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl
(α-NPB) instead of using a conventional doping process. The UML was formed from a single
evaporation boat containing a mixture of two dipolar starbust triarylamine molecules (fvin and fcho)
presenting very similar structures and thermal properties and emitting in complementary spectral
regions (orange and blue respectively) and mixed according to their weight ratio. The composition of
the UML specifically allows for fine tuning of the emission color despite its very thin thickness
down to 1 nm. Competitive energy transfer processes from fcho and the host interface toward fvin
are key parameters to control the relative intensity between red and blue emission. White light with
very good CIE 1931 color coordinate (0.34, 0.34) was obtained by simply adjusting the UML film
composition.
Although optically pumped semiconductor organic lasers have been reported for a decade, no electrically pumped
organic laser diode has been till now realized. Charge-induced and triplet excited state absorption have been identified as
major bottlenecks: in this context exciton dynamic plays a key role. We report on the measurement of exciton diffusion
lengths in the archetypal ambipolar material CBP, in the presence of an injected current in a working multilayer device.
The technique is based on moving a thin red phosphorescent layer away from the recombination zone. The amount of
emitted light depends on the layer position via the diffusion of triplet excitons. We demonstrate the crucial importance of
designing the structure according to optical field calculations in order to measure diffusion lengths LD. We measured a
value of LD = 16 nm +/- 4 nm in CBP, and also report on the variation of LD with the injected current.
Highly efficient blue and white light-emitting organic electroluminescent devices have been fabricated by evaporation of small molecules. The emitting material of the blue multilayer EL devices (ITO/CuPc/α-NPB/Doped DPVBi/Alq3/LiF/Al) is based on a DPVBi (4,4'-bis(2,2-diphenylvinyl)biphenyl) matrix. In order to increase the EL efficiency and to improve the blue colour, this emitting layer is doped with a derivative of distyryl biphenyl molecules: PR3491. After the optimisation of the percentage of dopant, quantum and current efficiencies of 5.7 % and 7 cd/A, respectively, are obtained for a deep blue diode with CIE chromaticity coordinates of (0.15, 0.14). White diodes have been also realized doping the DPVBi emitter or the α-NPB hole transporting layer (HTL) of the previous structure with rubrene. A double doped system has been finally realized from the deep blue diode (DPVBi doped with PR3491) and with rubrene in the HTL layer. After tuning the two percentages of dopant in order to balance the blue and the yellow contribution to the diode emission, a fairly pure white emission is obtained with CIE coordinates of (0.31, 0.34) and external efficiencies of 3.4 % and 8.7 cd/A at 10 mA/cm2.
The possibility to integrate an optical emitter at any point in a silicon integrated circuit would represent a major breakthrough in the field of optical interconnects. The outstanding properties of luminescent organic semiconductors, such as their ability to be deposited on various substrates and their efficiency, make them good candidates for this kind of applications, but organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are characterized by broad spectra and angular emission patterns which prevent their integration in an optical interconnection system. So, we study resonant-cavity organic light-emitting diodes (RC-OLEDs) such as Al/ITO/CuPc/TPD/Alq3/Al which are made on silicon substrates. Aluminum is chosen to make the mirrors because of its compatibility with CMOS technology.
The devices are characterized by electroluminescence, and their current-voltage characteristics are measured. We study the influence of the electrodes on the electrical characteristics of the devices. We describe these planar multilayer microcavities using a transfer-matrix multiplication method. The experimental results that we obtain with two samples allow us to calculate the dependence of the refractive index of the ITO layer on the wavelength. We compare our experimental and theoretical results and find a good agreement between them.
The possibility to integrate an optical emitter at any point in a silicon integrated circuit would represent a major breakthrough in the field of optical interconnects between circuits or in the same circuit. The outstanding properties of luminescent organic semiconductors, such as their ability to be deposited on various substrates and their efficiency, make them good candidates for this kind of applications. In addition, microcavities limit the spectral and spatial distributions of the emitted light, which makes the integration of the light source easier in an optical interconnection system. We studied resonant-cavity organic light-emitting diodes (RC-OLEDs) such as Al/ITO/CuPc/TPD/Alq3/Al which were made on silicon substrates. ITO was deposited by magnetron sputtering and the other materials by vacuum evaporation through masks. Aluminum was chosen to make the mirrors because it is widely used in CMOS technology. The thickness of each layer was chosen so that the optical length of the cavity is 3 * (lambda) res/2 where (lambda) res is the resonant wavelength. We described these planar multilayer microcavities using a transfer-matrix multiplication method. The devices were characterized by photoluminescence and electroluminescence, and the experimental results are in good agreement with the model. The current-voltage characteristics were measured while the electrical model is currently under study.
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