Since the beginning of the 21st century, the issue of food safety is becoming a global concern. It is very important to
develop a rapid, cost-effective, and widely available method for food adulteration detection. In this paper, near-infrared
spectroscopy techniques and pattern recognition were applied to study the qualitative discriminant analysis method. The
samples were prepared and adulterated with one of the three adulterants, urea, glucose and melamine with different
concentrations. First, the spectral characteristics of milk and adulterant samples were analyzed. Then, pattern recognition
methods were used for qualitative discriminant analysis of milk adulteration. Soft independent modeling of class analogy
and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) were used to construct discriminant models, respectively.
Furthermore, the optimization method of the model was studied. The best spectral pretreatment methods and the optimal
band were determined. In the optimal conditions, PLSDA models were constructed respectively for each type of
adulterated sample sets (urea, melamine and glucose) and all the three types of adulterated sample sets. Results showed
that, the discrimination accuracy of model achieved 93.2% in the classification of different adulterated and unadulterated
milk samples. Thus, it can be concluded that near-infrared spectroscopy and PLSDA can be used to identify whether the
milk has been adulterated or not and the type of adulterant used.
Adulteration of milk and dairy products has brought serious threats to human health as well as enormous economic
losses to the food industry. Considering the diversity of adulterants possibly mixed in milk, such as melamine, urea,
tetracycline, sugar/salt and so forth, a rapid, widely available, high-throughput, cost-effective method is needed for
detecting each of the components in milk at once. In this paper, a method using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR) combined with two-dimensional (2D) correlation spectroscopy is established for the discriminative analysis of
adulteration in milk. Firstly, the characteristic peaks of the raw milk are found in the 4000-400 cm-1 region by its original
spectra. Secondly, the adulterant samples are respectively detected with the same method to establish a spectral database
for subsequent comparison. Then, 2D correlation spectra of the samples are obtained which have high time resolution
and can provide information about concentration-dependent intensity changes not readily accessible from
one-dimensional spectra. And the characteristic peaks in the synchronous 2D correlation spectra of the suspected samples
are compared with those of raw milk. The differences among their synchronous spectra imply that the suspected milk
sample must contain some kinds of adulterants. Melamine, urea, tetracycline and glucose adulterants in milk are
identified respectively. This nondestructive method can be used for a correct discrimination on whether the milk and
dairy products are adulterated with deleterious substances and it provides a new simple and cost-effective alternative to
test the components of milk.
KEYWORDS: Glucose, Monte Carlo methods, Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Absorption, Scattering, Water, Data corrections, In vitro testing, Single photon emission computed tomography, Interference (communication)
As an effective noninvasive method for glucose doesn't come into clinical realization due to the weakness of glucose
unique signal and complexity of background noise, a method based on a floating reference point and a measuring point,
where the diffuse reflectance intensity is insensitive and most sensitive to the variation of glucose concentration,
respectively, is applied. In this paper, the data processing method based on the information of reference point was
investigated to improve the precision of glucose sensing. The diffuse reflectance of intralipid solution with different
glucose concentration in different source-detector distances was obtained by Monte-Carlo simulation. And the radial
region selection of reference position and measuring position were discussed. Then in order to simulate the actual
measurement condition, the random noise and linear drift were added on the simulated spectra. And the spectra in the
proper measuring region corrected by that in the reference point were used to build the multivariate model. Further more,
the corresponding optical probe was designed according to the distribution of light intensity in the radial distance and an
in vitro experiment about intralipid solution with different glucose concentration was conducted to verify the effect of the
data correction based on the information from the reference point. Results showed that, three different measuring regions
should be determined in the wavelength of 1100nm-1700nm according to the wavelength characteristic of reference
point. And the measuring region should be about 0.2-0.3mm far away from the reference region. For the simulation and
in vitro experiment, after the correction by the information from the reference point, the prediction error for glucose was
reduced by 46.2% and 23.2%, respectively.
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