A robust optical fibre based CO2 exhaust gas sensor operating in the mid infrared spectral range is described. It is
capable of detecting on board carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from both diesel and petrol engines. The optical fibre
sensor is not cross sensitive to other gaseous species in the exhaust such as water vapour (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO),
oxides of nitrogen (NOx) or oxides of sulphur (SOx).The response of the sensor to carbon dioxide present in the exhaust
of Fiat Croma diesel engine are presented.
The food industry is keen to have new techniques that improve the safety and shelf life of food products without the use
of preservatives. The use of UV light and ozone (O3) gas are becoming increasingly popular as methods to
decontaminate food and thus extending its shelf life. A microwave radiation device that is a novel source of both
germicidal UV and O3 suitable for the food industry has been developed, which offers speed, cost and energy benefits
over existing sources. With this system comes the need to monitor a number of conditions, primarily UV intensity and
ozone gas concentrations. An optical fibre sensor system is being developed to analyse these properties, in order to
control and optimise the outputs of the microwave plasma UV lamp.
The development of an Ultra Violet (UV) Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) fibre-optic sensor for
the monitoring of nitric oxide gases is described in this paper. Experimental results describing the operation of this
sensor with cylinder gases are presented. These experimental results are compared with existing published spectroscopic
absorption measurements. The sensor was developed to operate within an exhaust environment and demonstrate a low
susceptibility to interferences from other gases present. A LabVIEW program was created to interrogate the highest
absorbing wavelength for nitric oxide and calculate the concentrations present before outputting them to the user. The
lower limit of detection for the sensor was found to be 5ppm with response times of 3.4 seconds.
This paper describes a multipass absorption sensor based on an integrating sphere. The sphere has an internal coating
which is highly reflective (over 95%) in the near infrared region and this allows the detection of carbon dioxide (CO2)
gas at 2 &mgr;m. CO2 was detected using a light emitting diode as the emitter and a photodiode as the detector. A two inch
(50.8 mm) diameter integrating sphere was used as an absorption gas cell. A method of calculating the effective path
length of the integrating sphere is also presented. The latter is shown to be dependant on the reflectance of the sphere's
internal surface, the sphere's port fraction and the level of attenuation of the optical signal due to the gas present in the
sphere. Effective optical path lengths of 40 cm at the 2 &mgr;m region are reported. Experimental results demonstrating the
detection of CO2 using a two inch diameter integrating sphere are presented and these are compared to simulation results
based on a CO2 absorption over a 40 cm path length at 2 &mgr;m.
A fibre-optic sensor for the monitoring of hazardous exhaust gases based on absorption in the ultra-violet region is
described. The loss of light through a gas cell across the UV/VIS spectrum was utilised to determine the level of
absorption for three of the exhaust gases present in an exhaust. The measured absorption specific to each of these test
gases Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Nitric Oxide (NO) was used in a variation of the Beer-Lambert law to determine the absorption line intensities for each of the gases. Theoretical absorption line intensities for
each of the exhaust gases compared favorably with our measured results. A LabVIEW program was created and utilised
to interrogate the highest absorbing wavelength for each of the gases and absorption recorded at these specific absorbing
wavelength were then input along with our measured absorption line intensities into the Beer-Lambert law to determine
the concentrations of each of the gases present in the test cell. In this manner the concentrations were calculated
immediately and then output to the user eliminating the need for processing the data after testing. A lower detection
level of 1ppm for both NO2 and SO2 and in the order of 26ppm for NO was achieved.
An optical fibre based exhaust gas sensor has been developed from low-cost mid-infrared components which is capable of detecting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from both diesel and petrol engines. The optical fibre sensor is not cross sensitive to other gaseous species in the exhaust such as water vapour (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen
(NOx) or oxides of sulphur (SOx). Initial tests of this sensor on a modern diesel engine are outlined in this paper.
The reduction of harmful environmental pollutants which can have adverse effects on human health and the development of sensors capable of monitoring low concentrations of these pollutants is a major source of concern for many researchers today. This paper describes a multipass absorption cell used to detect and monitor the presence of several gases in the ultra violet and visible regions. An integrating sphere with a highly reflective internal coating (over 99%) was adapted in order to input and output various gases. Sulphur dioxide was detected in the ultra violet region, ozone in the visible and nitrogen dioxide in both the ultra violet and visible. This paper will report the generation of effective optical path lengths of up to 70 cm using a 5 cm diameter integrating sphere. This results in an optical sensor capable of detecting sulphur dioxide concentrations as low as 10 ppm, nitrogen dioxide concentrations as low as 4 ppm and ozone levels of the order of 500 ppm.
This paper describes two optical based sensors for the detection and quantification of vehicle exhaust pollutants. The first sensor consists of a single pass absorption cell. Broadband light from a deuterium/halogen source was transmitted through the cell from optical fibre and the resulting absorption is detected using a UV spectrometer which was also fibre coupled. The second approach includes an integrating sphere, which has been adapted for use as a multipass absorption cell. An ultraviolet LED was used as an emitter and a photodiode as the detector. Both were mounted directly on the sphere. The single pass absorption cell has been used to monitor nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide while the integrating sphere has been used to monitor nitrogen dioxide levels. Concentration levels of 10's of parts per million have been measured for each gas and sensor.
This paper discusses the development of an optical fibre sensor suitable for the detection of gas emissions from motor vehicles based on mid-infrared spectroscopy. Initial measurements are presented for carbon dioxide emissions from a petrol engine using low-cost mid-infrared components, and a practical detection system, which could be fitted to a vehicle, is outlined.
This paper introduces a new concept in the detection and monitoring of the electric field intensity in high power microwave cavities. It is proposed that the optical emission intensity of a low-pressure gas plasma discharge can be used to describe the strength of the microwave electric field that is powering the plasma. This paper discusses the principles of microwave generated plasmas and demonstrates theoretically using Monte Carlo simulations the emission intensity profile of various gas discharges at varying powers at 2.45GHz and 10GHz. A potential probe design, which uses an optical fibre to couple the discharge emission to a remote photodetector, is also introduced. It is aimed to demonstrate the potential for a new technology that will enable the convenient management of applied microwave power and its spatial distribution.
Temperature sensitive glassware has been developed to monitor liquid chemical temperature in a microwave environment. A combination of two phosphor powders is coated to the base of a Pyrex beaker & Quartz tube, which fluoresce under blue light stimulation. These temperature sensitive glassware monitors changes in liquid or surface temperature by observing ratios of peak emission intensities of the phosphors. The temperature sensitive Pyrex beaker is placed on an oven so that surface temperature can be accurately monitored. A fabricated coated Quartz tube is placed in an Industrial Free Electron Laser (IFEL), which provides the necessary microwave radiation to heat liquids and therefore provide liquid measurements. This paper describes the testing of the coating and its application in monitoring liquid temperature in an Industrial Free Electron Laser.
In order to meet increasingly stringent emission control laws it is necessary to develop a sensor that can accurately monitor the level of pollutants entering the atmosphere from land transport vehicles. These pollutants are generally a mixture of hot gases and particulates. An optical fibre sensor is particularly well suited to this task. Due to it's small size and weight it is minimally invasive making it suitable for insertion into the vehicle's exhaust system. Optical fibres are immune from poisoning by the analyte gases, although they do require shielding from airborne particulates. As they do not transmit electricity they are also highly safe and furthermore they are immune from electromagnetic interference. To detect the presence of the gases it is proposed to use an optical absorption technique. The majority of gases of industrial and environmental importance have their fundamental absorption line in the mid-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, with weaker overtones in the near infrared. Due to the greater availability of components, optimised for communications, most optical fibre gas sensing has taken place in the near-infrared region of the spectrum. In this paper mid-infrared optical fibre gas sensing techniques are investigated and the results of the investigation are presented. Due to the inhomogeneous state of the gas flow it is necessary to measure temperature especially just upstream of the after-treatment section where this can rise to as high as 650oC with large temporal gradients. Measurements of temperature of hot gases from a full size test engine using an optical fibre probe based on fluorescence decay time measurements are also presented.
We investigate the possible use as on-line dosimeters of commercially-available PMMA plastic optical fibres. The dose measurement is derived from the radiation-induced attenuation. A novel interrogation scheme based on a ratiometric technique is proposed for real-time dosimetry applications.
In order to satisfy increasingly stringent automotive emission control laws, it is necessary to develop sensors that are capable of quantifying exactly the pollutants entering the atmosphere. The development of a mid-infrared optical fibre based sensor suitable for the detection of automotive emissions is discussed in this paper. Mid-infrared spectroscopy is deemed suitable for the task as the fundamental absorption lines of the majority of the pollutant exhaust gases are in the mid-infrared region of the spectrum. This paper focuses on the monitoring of carbon dioxide gas as it has significant absorption in the mid-infrared.
An optical fiber sensing system is investigated for measurement of exhaust emissions from an engine. This paper discusses the component infrastructure to conduct this task in the mid-infrared region and a sensing fiber and test system are proposed.
An extrinsic optical fiber temperature sensor has been investigated and results are presented. A coating consists of a combination of two inorganic phosphors. Thermal quenching dominates the luminescent characteristics of one phosphor at temperatures in the range of interest while the other more stable phosphor is used as a reference. Ratios of their peak emission intensities are calculated and analyzed. The phosphor mixture is coated onto a Pyrex beaker. Boiling water is poured into beaker and the ratio is calculated as the temperature of the water descreases from 80°C to 30°C. Results show an increasing ratio for decreasing temperature. This paper describes the testing of the coating and its application, as part of a temperature sensor, for monitoring surface temperatures in electromagnetically harsh industrial environments.
Low-pressure mercury lamps are commonly used for germicidal applications such as water and wastewater sterilization. The germicidal effect is due to the emission of light at 254 nm, which leads to the destruction of most waterborne bacteria. The Microwave Plasma UV Lamp (MPUVL) is a new technology for generating a high intensity UV light. A Fluorescent Optical Fiber based sensor is presented which is used for monitoring the output of a high power microwave UV light source and its control. This sensor is a fiber which has had its cladding removed and been coated with a phosphor doped polymer.
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