Low-noise CD-SEM images are required in order to obtain robust and reliable measurement results, especially for complex 2D patterns. However, standard practices to reduce CD-SEM noise during image acquisition (increasing number of frames, increasing beam current, etc.) also increase acquisition time and the probability of deteriorating the materials under inspection. This effect is getting further attention of the industry on the case of EUV (extreme ultraviolet) resist, being an electron sensitive material and presenting small thickness, requiring extra care in order to prevent damage. Although there are techniques that intrinsically improve the metrology robustness to noise (such as model-based contour extraction), denoising SEM images may prove useful and a complementary approach for further improve metrology quality in such challenging cases. In this work we propose an innovative solution using Deep Learning Neural Network (DLNN) for low frame image denoising, which performs the model calibration using low frame images only, from a reduced dataset. A specific data augmentation approach is used in order to limit the number of images needed for the training. The denoising performance of the algorithm was evaluated in terms of accuracy and precision over a synthetic dataset, not used during the training of the neural network. The results show an improvement both in precision (up to 50% on the extreme case, 5% on average) as well in accuracy (over 13% on average).
CD-SEM is one of the workhorse metrology tools for evaluating the patterning performances in the semiconductor industry. With the continuous shrink of device feature sizes, measurement uncertainty, of such devices should improve accordingly, including tool-to-tool matching. Great efforts are made in fabs to ensure matching between CD-SEMs. Basically, there are two approaches : tool matching based on statistical CD measurements and tool matching based on physical tool parameters. The first methods require long recipe run on each tool for data collection while the second methods require dedicated maintenance tool time. In parallel, the emergence of SEM contour metrology brought new opportunities, for example in OPC modeling, process assessment or overlay metrology. Recently, a step has been made to demonstrate that offline SEM contour metrology can be matched with standard CD-SEM. In this paper we evaluate the possibility to use SEM contour metrology to perform a remote CD matching on images coming from two different CD-SEM. A large set of patterns of various dimensions and shapes (both 1D and 2D) is imaged with two different CD-SEM after etch process step. For each image the contours are extracted using a remote software. A matching model is calibrated to match contour measurements of the same pattern imaged with the two CD-SEMs. The matching model can be calibrated using either one or both inline SEM measurement or using additional metrology data (typically AFM measurement or any reference metrology measurement). The matching model parameters include both parameters for the contour extraction calibration and measurement matching parameters. Two modeling approaches are compared : one matching model averaging multiple measurement matching sites and a multiple (per pattern type) contour calibrations/ measurement matching sites model. These different matching models are assessed using as main metrics the remaining CD difference between SEM contour measurements on images coming from the two CD-SEM (ΔCDmatching) and TMU analysis. We show that an overall ΔCDmatching variability of 0.6 nm and a TMU below 2 nm can be obtained with the dataset. We evaluated a strategy to achieve matching of two CD-SEM using a remote contour extraction solution and a matching model.
KEYWORDS: Metrology, Signal detection, Scanning electron microscopy, Model-based design, Reliability, Signal to noise ratio, Semiconductors, Semiconductor manufacturing, Process control, Optical proximity correction
In the semiconductor manufacturing process, performing metrology over 2D complex features is mandatory for advanced technology nodes. Top-down critical dimension scanning electron microscopes (CD-SEMs) are widely used for many applications and are key enablers for metrology and process control. Nevertheless, one of the limitations one may observe when using CD-SEMs is the contrast variation (or lack of contrast) in areas where the pattern edges are parallel to the CD-SEM acquisition scan direction, which may lead to accuracy and precision loss. Model-based contour extraction solutions are often able to address this reduction in contrast while maintaining the accuracy and precision required by the different usages. However, for particularly low contrast/low SNR images, this may lead to a reduction in accuracy of the metrology process.
This work explores the concept of hybrid contours generation, combining contours – coming from different scan directions – with pattern fidelity metrics, in order to overcome the issues related to edge detection accuracy and precision, especially in 2D shapes. It brings the advantage of combining relevant information from each image, weighted based on their reliability, which is estimated by a combination of the scan direction and the fidelity of the edge profile observed on the patterns. This method of combining contours improve 2D measurements and is also the most reliable way of building contours for OPC modeling, among other uses.
Among metrology tools in the semi-conductor manufacturing, critical dimension scanning electron microscopes (CD-SEM) are the most broadly used, especially due to their high resolution, low destructivity, and high throughput. Contour metrology on CD-SEM images has become essential for characterization, modelling, and control of advanced lithography processes. In particular, OPC model’s accuracy can be highly improved using contours metrology. One of the issues when dealing with CD-SEM metrology is that the results are noise sensitive. Moreover, diminishing noise in CD-SEM acquisition leads to resist shrinkage due to exposure time increase. In addition, post-treatment of these shrinkage effects requires compensation algorithms such as artificial intelligence (AI)- driven algorithms, that are another contributor to the error budget of metrology systems. There is thus a need for an accurate, robust to noise, and purely deterministic edge detection algorithm. In this article, we evaluate the benefits of relying on a model-based contour extraction approach for performing measurements. This approach is applied onto both synthetic and experimental CD-SEM images with various patterns (mostly 2D) and noise levels to assess the influence of image integration (frame number) on the contour detection and CD measurement. We demonstrate that a model-based contour extraction algorithm is able to precisely characterize SEM-induced 2D resist shrinkage. We observe that this model-based approach is more robust to noise than standard algorithms by 21% on synthetic data and by 36% on experimental data. Another way of seeing it is, while keeping the same precision, a model-based contour extraction approach can significantly reduce the requested image frame number. The benefits of adopting this approach range from reducing the shrinkage effects to improving SEM image acquisition time. Eventually, no step of shrinkage modelling calibration nor AI-driven image post processing are needed which implies a gain on simplicity and avoids modelling errors.
2D curvilinear patterns are more and more present in the lithography landscape. For the related devices, the line edge roughness (LER) is, as well as for lines and spaces, a critical figure of merit. In this article we propose to use a dedicated edge detection algorithm to measure LER of 2D curvilinear patterns on CD-SEM images. We present an original method to validate the algorithm, in the context of roughness measurement. It is based on the generation of realistic synthetic CD-SEM images with programmed roughness and a precise PSD analysis flow. We show excellent correlation (average R2 = 0.988) between the input roughness parameters and the measured parameters for both 1D and 2D synthetic images. Using synthetic images for different number of frames, the contour extraction sensitivity to noise is also explored. Finally, the methodology is successfully applied to experimental CD-SEM images for two classes of applications : photonic devices and DSA fingerprint patterns.
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