Dr. Eunah Lee Profile

Dr. Eunah Lee

at HORIBA Instruments Inc

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Proceedings Article | 29 April 2009 Paper

Molecular imaging by confocal Raman mapping: enabling technologies for speed, multivariate analysis, and convenience

Fran Adar, Eunah Lee, Andrew Whitley

Proceedings Volume 7319, 731902 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.817728

KEYWORDS: Raman spectroscopy, Confocal microscopy, Microscopes, Charge-coupled devices, Mirrors, Tablets, Optical filters, Dielectric filters, Objectives, Sensors

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In spite of the fact that the original Raman microscope was designed in the early 1970's for Raman imaging, wide-spread practical use of the technology did not appear until the last 5 years. The instruments are smaller, faster, easier-to-use, promoting reports of a variety of interesting applications in fields as diverse as nanomaterials, pharmaceuticals, composites, semiconductors, bio-clinical studies, polymers, ceramics and glasses. While the information content in Raman analysis is quite high, the time to acquire an image has been a deterrent to its application. Recent innovations including Swift and DUO Scan have addressed and are addressing these issues. SWIFT (Scanning with Incredibly Fast Times) is a rapid CCD read-out technique that is based on the synchronization between the XY motion of the motorized or piezo stage and the CCD readout. DUO scanning uses a set of scanning mirrors above the microscope objective to raster rapidly the laser beam across a sample area. This can be used to create a "giant pixel" in the map without compromising the NA of the light collection, or to create a map with step sizes as small as 10nm. Swift, in combination with DUO scan, as been used to produce full spectral maps of pharmaceutical tablets in times as short as 10 minutes, something that was previously believed to be near impossible. Off-line analysis of such a map using multivariate techniques produces Raman images indicating the quality of component mixing, and also the presence of minor, difficult-to-detect components (such as Mgstearate in pharmaceutical tablets).

Proceedings Article | 2 October 2007 Paper

Data processing strategy of Raman chemical maps: data characteristics and behavior

Eunah Lee

Proceedings Volume 6765, 67650E (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.735006

KEYWORDS: Raman spectroscopy, Data processing, Smoothing, Seaborgium, Hyperspectral imaging, Raman scattering, Chemical analysis, Data acquisition, Charge-coupled devices, Chemical compounds

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Raman maps, when acquired and processed successfully, produce Raman chemical images, which provide detailed information on the spatial distribution and morphology of individual chemical species in samples. The advantages of Raman chemical images are most significant when the sample is chemically and structurally complicated. In pharmaceutical applications, these Raman chemical images can be used to understand and develop drug formulations, drug delivery mechanisms, and drug-cellular interactions. Studies using Raman hyperspectral imaging - the term that encompasses the entire procedure from data measurement to processing and interpretation - is increasing and gaining a wider acceptance due to recent improvements in Raman instrumentation and software. Since Raman maps are a collection of numerous Raman spectra of different chemical species, within a single data set, spectral characteristics such as the scattering strength, fluorescence level, and baselines vary a great deal. To acquire and process a Raman map successfully, this heterogeneity must be taken into the consideration. This paper will show the impact of signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) on data processing strategies and their results. It will be demonstrated that the S/N of original data is critical for good classification and scientifically meaningful results regardless of the processing strategies.

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