SignificanceAutofluorescence characteristics of the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and oxidized flavin cofactors are important for the evaluation of the metabolic status of the cells. The approaches that involve a detailed analysis of both spectral and time characteristics of the autofluorescence signals may provide additional insights into the biochemical processes in the cells and biological tissues and facilitate the transition of spectral fluorescence lifetime imaging into clinical applications.AimWe present the experiments on multispectral fluorescence lifetime imaging with a detailed analysis of the fluorescence decays and spectral profiles of the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and oxidized flavin under a single excitation wavelength aimed at understanding whether the use of multispectral detection is helpful for metabolic imaging of cancer cells.ApproachWe use two-photon spectral fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Starting from model solutions, we switched to cell cultures treated by metabolic inhibitors and then studied the metabolism of cells within tumor spheroids.ResultsThe use of a multispectral detector in combination with an excitation at a single wavelength of 750 nm allows the identification of fluorescence signals from three components: free and bound NAD(P)H, and flavins based on the global fitting procedure. Multispectral data make it possible to assess not only the lifetime but also the spectral shifts of emission of flavins caused by chemical perturbations. Altogether, the informative parameters of the developed approach are the ratio of free and bound NAD(P)H amplitudes, the decay time of bound NAD(P)H, the amplitude of flavin fluorescence signal, the fluorescence decay time of flavins, and the spectral shift of the emission signal of flavins. Hence, with multispectral fluorescence lifetime imaging, we get five independent parameters, of which three are related to flavins.ConclusionsThe approach to probe the metabolic state of cells in culture and spheroids using excitation at a single wavelength of 750 nm and a fluorescence time-resolved spectral detection with the consequent global analysis of the data not only simplifies image acquisition protocol but also allows to disentangle the impacts of free and bound NAD(P)H, and flavin components evaluate changes in their fluorescence parameters (emission spectra and fluorescence lifetime) upon treating cells with metabolic inhibitors and sense metabolic heterogeneity within 3D tumor spheroids.
KEYWORDS: Skin, Absorption, Water content, In vivo imaging, Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Monte Carlo methods, Structural monitoring, Data modeling, Linear regression, Scattering
SignificanceEdema occurs in the course of various skin diseases. It manifests itself in changes in water concentrations in skin layers: dermis and hypodermis and their thicknesses. In medicine and cosmetology, objective tools are required to assess the skin’s physiological parameters. The dynamics of edema and the skin of healthy volunteers were studied using spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) in conjunction with ultrasound (US).AimIn this work, we have developed a method based on DRS with a spatial resolution (SR DRS), allowing us to simultaneously assess water content in the dermis, dermal thickness, and hypodermal thickness.ApproachAn experimental investigation of histamine included edema using SR DRS under the control of US was conducted. An approach for skin parameter determination was studied and confirmed using Monte-Carlo simulation of diffuse reflectance spectra for a three-layered system with the varying dermis and hypodermis parameters.ResultsIt was shown that an interfiber distance of 1 mm yields a minimal relative error of water content determination in the dermis equal to 9.3%. The lowest error of hypodermal thickness estimation was achieved with the interfiber distance of 10 mm. Dermal thickness for a group of volunteers (7 participants, 21 measurement sites) was determined using SR DRS technique with an 8.3% error using machine learning approaches, taking measurements at multiple interfiber distances into account. Hypodermis thickness was determined with root mean squared error of 0.56 mm for the same group.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that measurement of the skin diffuse reflectance response at multiple distances makes it possible to determine the main parameters of the skin and will serve as the basis for the development and verification of an approach that works in a wide range of skin structure parameters.
Tissue trauma often causes hematoma formation. Recently, we proposed to use the optoacoustic technique for hematoma detection and performed studies on hematoma monitoring and imaging in the brain and skin. It is well known that methemoglobin is produced during hematoma aging. In this work we propose to use the optoacoustic technique for staging, monitoring, and imaging of hematomas during their formation and aging. We measured optoacoustic spectra of methemoglobin in the 800-950 nm spectral range in which it has strong absorption and demonstrated that this spectral range can be used for of hematoma staging, monitoring, and imaging.
One of the streams in advanced diagnostic technologies is non-invasive spectroscopic investigation or “spectral histopathology” as a novel alternative for rapid cancer diagnostics and label-free cancer specification. Fiber optics enable faster and more convenient way to study different biological tissues than standard techniques which require destructive sample preparation (e.g. histopathology, chemical analysis). Moving on this direction, we developed and applied various fiber optic probes for key spectroscopy methods such as Raman scattering, Mid IR-absorption, Diffuse NIR-reflection, and auto-fluorescence – to compare them and select the best combination for a real-time detection of malignant tissue in pre-clinical and clinical environment. All four spectroscopic methods have been tested for cancer diagnostics on biopsies of normal and cancer tissues (abdominal, oral and brain), ex-vivo samples and bioliquids. Obtained spectral data were evaluated by multivariate discrimination analysis to enable clear separation of malignant and normal tissues. Benefits of combination of several spectroscopic modalities and data fusion is presented for the better sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. The best synergetic effect was observed of combining Mid IR-absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, (98% Sensitivity vs 63% or 88% for fluorescence or Mid IR-absorption correspondingly). Based on obtained results, several fiber optic probes combining several spectroscopic modalities implemented within the same single probe were designed, assembled and evaluated.
Cyanobacteria bloom is a great ecological problem of Curonian Lagoon and Baltic Sea. The development of novel methods for the on-line control of cyanobacteria concentration and, moreover, for prediction of bloom spreading is of interest for monitoring the state of ecosystem. Here, we report the results of the joint application of hyperspectral measurements and remote sensing of Curonian Lagoon in July 2015 aimed at the assessment of cyanobacteria communities. We show that hyperspectral data allow on-line detection and qualitative estimation of cyanobacteria concentration, while the remote sensing data indicate the possibility of cyanobacteria bloom detection using the spectral features of upwelling irradiation.
Among all plasma proteins human serum albumin (HSA) is the most studied one as it is the main transport protein and can bind a wide variety of ligands especially fatty acids (FAs). The concentration of FAs bound to HSA in human blood plasma differs by three times under abnormal conditions (fasting, physical exercises or in case of social important diseases). In the present study a surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used to simulate FAs binding to HSA. It was shown that the increase of Tyr fluorescence of human blood plasma due to SDS addition can be completely explained by HSA-SDS complex formation. Binding parameters of SDS-HSA complex (average number of sites and apparent constant of complex formation) were determined from titration curves based on tyrosine (Tyr) fluorescence.
We present the results of a native fluorescence spectroscopy study of blood plasma of rats with experimental diabetes. It was shown that the fluorescence emission band shape at 320 nm excitation is the most indicative of hyperglycemia in the blood plasma samples. We provide the interpretation of this fact based on the changes in reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate concentration due to glucose-related metabolic pathways and protein fluorescent cross-linking formation following nonenzymatic glycation.
The results of development of the method of fluorescent proteins investigation are discussed. Photophysical parameters and concentrations of the chromophores of protein mRFP1 have been determined with use of non-linear fluorimetry.
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