Nowadays, different techniques are used for the manufacture of LPFG, some of them are the phase mask method or interferometric method, point by point method with ultraviolet light, electric arc method, mechanical method, chemical method, and CO2 laser method. Favorable results have been obtained by applying the technique that uses CO2-laser since it is not as complex as the methods mentioned above. In this work, the design and manufacture of cascade LPGs is done with a CNC CO2-laser machine configured with 10 W laser power, velocity of 20% and 500 pulses per inch. The results of the transmission spectrum in the manufactured devices show significant changes in the transmission spectrum for the cascade gratings, When the number of gratings is greater a varied interference pattern is generated, and more resonance wavelength peaks appear. The proposed method is easy to implement and reduces the manufacturing time of the devices.
Gratings in optical fibers have been increasingly used in a variety of applications such as sensors and Telecomm. Depending on perturbation separation, they are classified as: fiber Bragg gratings (FBG), and long period gratings (LPG), whose each spectral output offer advantages for certain applications. Nowadays there is a great interest in the study of arrays formed by the combination of long period gratings and Bragg gratings in cascade (CLBG), where the propagation modes of the core and the cladding propagate in the Bragg grating after they propagate in the LPG. In this work, analysis and modeling of Cascaded Long Bragg Gratings using the Transfer Matrix method was performed for the case of two gratings in series along one fiber. We analyzed the variation of the FWHM of the reflectance and transmittance spectra for different values of the difference of the refractive indexes of the core and the perturbation of the grating, using the typical core refractive index of an SMF-28 as reference value. For smaller index difference a narrow intensity peak was observed. After the number of perturbations was varied, when there is a greater number of perturbations in the grating, there is greater intensity in reflectance. However, as our results show, this dependence is not a linear function. The results were obtained under the maximum-reflectivity condition (tuned) for each single grating. The development of the mathematical model, the results of the simulation and the analysis of results are part of the development of the present work.
In this paper, the impact of the number of channels on the performance of elastic optical networks (EONs) is examined considering a multilevel modulation format and coherent transmission. Network design parameters such as spectral bandwidth and channel symbol error rate (SER), are analysed. We simulated the transmission of quadrature phase shift-keying (QPSK) signals, modulated at 56 and 100 Gbps, to evaluate a proposed flexible spectral allocation method in order to evaluate the effect of number of channels and the required total spectral bandwidth.
This paper focuses on introducing the results of a model using a control system for an optical filter that can be tuned, using a solution that employs both, an elongation control system and a fiber Bragg grating. At the first stage, the optical characterization of the filter was made, then the stepper motors were chosen for the desired wavelength selection with a couple of pulleys which produce the grating elongation and, as a consequence, the wavelength shifting. The pulleys diameters were calculated to produce 0.8 nm shift for each filtering wavelength using a control program.
An analysis of different cases of few-mode micro-optical fibers from 10 to 1 microns in diameter is performed based on solving the eigenvalue equation using both the weak guidance approximation (scalar LP modes) when the refractive index difference is small, and the exact full eigenvalue equation (vector TE, TM, HE and EH modes), when the refractive index difference is large, for example having air or a gas as the surrounding medium. One of the objectives of this analysis is to show at what point the propagation constant and optical field intensity of the fundamental modes LP01 and HE11 differ significantly depending of the refractive index difference, the other objective is to find out the evolution of the other modes along the final tapered section in a few mode fiber taper. The graphical behavior of the solutions of the eigenvalue equation is presented and the optical intensity distributions are calculated for different sizes, as for example in adiabatic tapers to evaluate the extent of the evanescent field. In general, the propagation constant and effective refractive index depends on the size of the core waveguide diameter, the refractive index difference and the wavelength. This analysis is useful to calculate the extension of the evanescent field in liquids or gases for optical fiber sensors that can be used to model, for example, fluorescent optical fiber sensors for biological or industrial applications. Additionally, the propagation characteristics of the few-mode micro optical fiber could be controlled or tuned by changing the refractive index of the surrounding media by changing, for example, its temperature.
This work introduces the experimental results of a temperature sensor device, with doped fiber and LPGs. The device is introduced in a temperature controlled oven, observing a 1 nm shift in wavelength toward longer wavelengths when the temperature increases 3 °C. It is possible to observe the average rate of change in the power related to increased temperature for two and three fiber gratings temperature sensors, and finally it is noted that the channels generated by the interference pattern are dispersed as temperature increases. The experiment was performed for 2 and 3 LPFGs in series where the wavelength displacement, output power and the number of channels were analyzed when the temperature was increased.
This work deals with the design and development of an SMF28-based vibration detector including the fiber segment, the data acquisition via an NI-USB-6212 card, the data processing code in Visual Basic and the signal spectrum obtained via Fourier analysis. The set-up consists of a regulated voltage source at 2.6V, 300mA, which serves as the power source for a 980nm semiconductor laser operating at 150mW which is fiber coupled into a 20m-piece of SMF-28 fiber. Perpendicular to such fiber the perturbations ranged from 1 to 100 kHz, coming from a DC motor at 12 Volts. At the detection stage, a simple analog filter and a commercial photo diode were employed for data acquisition, before a transimpedance amplification stage reconstructed the signal into the National Instruments data acquisition card. At the output, the signals Fourier transformation allows the signal to be displayed in a personal computer. The presentation will include a full electrical and optical characterization of the device and preliminary sensing results, which could be suitable for structural health monitoring applications.
The simulation and experimental results of the temperature tuning of an Er3+-doped fiber (EDF) Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) proposed for sensing applications were presented. The MZI was mechanically induced using two polypropylene long-period fiber gratings made with a pulsed CO2 laser. The proposed interferometer device showed four peaks of transmittance and multifiltering around the 1550-nm region, suitable for Telecomm systems. The numerical simulation is simple and is based on rate equations which allows for amplified spontaneous emission behavior prediction and mode propagation. The demonstrated fringe pattern makes the proposed device suitable for multiwavelength sensors based on EDFs.
In this work, we present experimental results of a cost-efficient photonic system capable to discriminate Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) bottles from those made of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). The proposed array uses a semiconductor laser emitting at 810 nm, whose output is diverged employing a line lens in order to obtain a line light pattern. Given the lower attenuation coefficient of the PVC in comparison to PET at this wavelength, the received optical power is higher for the PVC than for the PET, which results in higher photogenerated current and, consequently, higher voltage after the transimpedance amplifier. Experiments considering several samples reveal an average voltage difference of 10% between materials, probing its feasibility for future industrial applications.
In this work an Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped all-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer that could be suitable for telecomm channel selection, temperature sensing or torsion sensing applications is proposed. The experimental array consists of a 980nm pump laser diode at 350mW output power, a 30cm co-doped fiber segment from our own design, and a mechanicallyinduced long period fiber grating in cascade with a tapered section, both on the co-doped fiber. The experimental results show an ASE operation bandwidth spectrum from 1450nm to 1650nm. The resulting interference pattern line-width is around 10nm with a 0.5dBm depth. The theoretical model based on Einsteins rate equations, along with the LPG inhouse fabrication method, and full experimental results are explained.
The evolution of Stokes generation up to the n’th stage and the analytical solutions of commonly used Raman equations including numerical simulation and experimental results is reported. For the experimental work, a 1-km un-doped single-mode fiber was pumped with an ytterbium-doped fiber laser system (FL) in CW regime at 1064 nm in a free running configuration. We showed that it is possible to obtain up to the N’th power thresholds and maximum power for each Stokes by using compact analytical solutions as a first approximation in an arguably simple, quick process.
In this work, a method to generate a pulse train based on the strictly negative nonlinear phase shift during the amplification of a dynamic signal in a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) in association with frequency filtering is proposed. A 40 ps width pulse train with a huge continuous tunability repetition frequency ranging from 1 MHz to 5 GHz was experimentally demonstrated. The pulse train properties were characterized by methods such as duty cycle tailoring, and SOA injection current variation.
In this paper, the effects of gridless spectrum allocation in Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) optical networks are examined. The advanced modulation formats and multi-rate transmissions of the signals, which are key parameters in the optical system project, are taken into account. The consumed spectrum, as well as the impact of linear and nonlinear impairments on the signal transmission, are compared to WDM network adopting standard grid and gridless ITU. To analyze the influence of these physical effects, some key network design parameters are monitored and evaluated, such as the guard band size, the signal occupied bandwidth, the laser power and the quality of channels. The applied signal modulation formats were On/Off Keying (OOK), Quadrature Phase Shift keying (QPSK), and Dual Polarization State Phase Modulation (DP-QPSK), whereas the transmission rate per wavelength was varied from 10 Gb/s to 100Ghz. The guard band, signal band, and laser power were swept and the resulted Bit Error Rate (BER) was estimated from the eye-diagram. Analytical calculations and simulations are conducted in order to evaluate the impact of the gridless spectrum allocation on both the spectral consumption and the signal quality of transmission (QoT). Results reveal that a gridless transmission system reduces the spectral consumption while offering an acceptable QoT. This work was carried out with both analytical modeling and numerical calculation using the Optisystem as well as Matlab.
In this paper, a multiband, multi-wavelength, all-fibre source array consisting of an 810nm pump laser diode, thretwo fiber splitters and three segments of Er-, Tm- and Nd-doped fiber is proposed for PON applications. In the set-up, cascaded pairs of standard fiber gratings are used for extracting the required multiple wavelengths within their corresponding bands. A thorough design parameter description, optical array details and full simulation results, such as: full multi-wavelength spectrum, peak and average powers for each generated wavelength, linewidth at FWHM for each generated signal, and individual and overall conversion efficiency, will be included in the manuscript.
There are a few semi-conductor, multiple-wavelength, high-performance sources already available for ITU-T channel
generation in DWDM systems. The 200 Ghz barrier has imposed a limitation to such sources. An option for overcoming
such a limitation is a super-continuum, all fibre source working in the amplified spontaneous emission regime.
Furthermore, in this work we propose an Er-doped fiber based Mach-Zehnder interferometer, made with mechanicallyinduced,
long-period fiber gratings, which generate a fringe pattern ranging from 1450 to 1650 nm. These characteristics
are of great interest for the development of all-fiber devices that could produce and even select a few channels in the
1550nm region, the transmission window of interest for ultra-long haul optical communication systems. A full set of
optical characterization and results will be included in the presentation.
The use of rare-earth-doped fiber section working in amplified spontaneous emission regime for different emission wavelengths is analyzed theoretically. From simulation results, the design of all-fiber superluminescent sources employing different rare earths as dopants for new optical windows and different applications is proposed. Results on different pump and signal powers in forward and backward propagation direction with respect to fiber length are presented.
Fiber optic sensors are a mature choice for highly sensitive applications. Most modern pressure sensors are based on the
piezoelectric effect (pressure causes a material to conduct electricity at a certain rate, leading to a specific level of charge
flow associated with a specific level of pressure). In this paper, we describe theoretical calculations which predict
encouraging experimental results on pressure sensing with optical fibers. These results may be used in applications for
distributed sensors in structural health monitoring (SHM). The sensing fiber is capable of propagating 3 modes with a
straight fiber length of 30cm at a lambda of 1550nm. In our experiments, a perpendicular force of F=200gr cause a core
compression of nearly 2um, according to Poisson’s elastic coefficient for silica, which in turn provoked the loss of half
the number of modes indicating a 50% sensitivity as shown in our results included here. The proposed set-up intends to
measure force vs propagating modes in a standard single mode fiber. A full set of results will be included in our
presentation.
We present results based on theoretical analysis on how fiber sources doped with Er3+ and Er3+/Yb3+ operate in the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) regime. Results of the model such as pump response, output in the forward and backward directions along the length of the fiber and output efficiency are presented. After more development, these sources could be used in DWDM systems to generate a number of signals around the 1550nm window.
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