We propose and demonstrate a segmental frequency domain pre-equalizer (SFDP) for OFDM-VLC systems. Experimental results present that the SFDP outperforms the conventional uniform pre-equalizer and the spectrum efficiency is increased by 21.2%.
Monte–Carlo numerical simulation (MCNS) is used to study the characteristics of an underwater scattering channel for an LED source in different types of water. The high scattering effect of turbid water significantly dispersed the signal’s intensity distribution and broadened the half power angle. An empirical path loss model is proposed and was proved effective by simulations in different types of water. In high turbid water, the receiving power is dominated by scattering, while the straight line power is negligible.
A visible light communication (VLC)-based high-accuracy indoor positioning system is proposed and demonstrated. In this system, the light-emitting diode identification (LED-ID) indicating the position information of the LED can be transmitted to the receiver by the illumination LED through VLC. In the meantime, with the aid of a camera and angular sensors of the mobile device, a coordinate transform can be employed to calculate the relative position between the receiver and the reference LED so that the position of the receiver can be determined. Finally, the experimental results show that 2-cm positioning accuracy can be achieved and the simulation results indicate that the positioning error can be limited within 4.7 cm when the accuracy of angular sensors is 1 deg.
A photonic analog-to-digital converter (ADC) utilizing the modal birefringence of the polarization maintaining fiber (PMF) is proposed. In the PMF, sampling pulses with different wavelengths have different phase shifted transfer functions, which could be used for quantizing and encoding in a photonic ADC. A proof-of-concept experiment is performed and a 2.5 GHz sinusoidal electrical analog signal is quantized by using 16 different wavelengths. The experimental result with an effective number of bits of 4.5 is achieved.
Piezoelectric composites find increasing applications in the field of smart materials, mainly as sensors and
transducer. However, accurately predicting its performance is still a challenging task. In this paper, we analyzed the
electromechanical properties of a three-phase piezoelectric composite with titanate piezoelectric ceramics powders
(PZT-5H) and carbon black embedded in an epoxy matrix by a finite element numerical method. A homogenizing
micromechanical model is applied, which is capable to provide various property parameters of the piezoelectric
composite, such as dielectric constant, piezoelectric constant. The calculation verifies that the electric network formed by
the conducting-phase carbon black(CB) can effectively improve the electromechanical performance of the piezoelectric
composites. The effect of different content of the carbon black is also taken in consideration in the simulation. A good fit
between the calculation and the experimental results clearly shows that the homogenizing modeling is able to accurately
predict the electromechanical properties of the three-phase piezoelectric composite. This work will contribute to
optimize the material function design and analyze the effect of conduct phase on the piezoelectric composites.
An algorithm based on phase spectrum analysis is proposed that can be used to correct the timing distortion between the multiple parallel demultiplexed post-sampling pulse trains in wavelength demultiplexing analog-to-digital converters. The algorithm is theoretically presented and its operational principle is explained. The algorithm is then applied to two parallel demultiplexed post-sampling signals from a proof-of-principle system and fairly good results are obtained. This algorithm is potentially applicable in other opto-electronic hybrid systems where an interleaving and/or multiplexing mechanism is utilized, such as optical time-division multiplexing and optical clock division systems, photonic arbitrary waveform generators, and so on.
A method for generation of a time- and wavelength-interleaved pulse train is demonstrated, that can be used to attain a multiwavelength pulse train with a 40-Gbps or a potentially even higher repetition rate. This method is highly flexible because the repetition rate, the intensity, and pulse width of each wavelength and the time interval between adjacent wavelengths can be readily and independently adjusted. A time- and wavelength-interleaved pulse train with a repetition rate of 40-Gbps is experimentally demonstrated. Potential of generating a multiwavelength pulse train with a 100-Gbps repetition rate is also discussed.
A noninterferometric configuration for an optical phase-shifter module (OPSM) is presented and demonstrated, which is a key component in phase-shifted optical quantization (PSOQ) systems. In a PSOQ system employing such an OPSM, the input electrical analog signal is applied on two LiNbO3 intensity modulators in parallel, and the OPSM takes the outputs of the intensity modulators as its input and yields N-channel optical outputs, which are thresholded to generate digitized values of the input analog signal. The feasibility of this OPSM configuration is demonstrated by a proof-of-principle PSOQ experiment, in which a 2.5-GHz single tone is applied to the modulators and 16 transmission curves are recorded. Based on these transmission curves, software sampling indicates that an effective number of bits equal to 4.17 is attainable for a frequency as high as 2.5 GHz. Benefits of such an OPSM are easier control and high precision of desired phase shifts.
Asymmetric lithium niobate Mach-Zehnder interferometer and its applications in photonic analog-to-digital conversion
will be discussed. Two schemes based on the asymmetric interferometer will be proposed and analyzed. The first scheme
is the phase shift photonic analog-to-digital conversion using asymmetric interferometer and synchronized multiwavelength
optical sampling pulses. Because of the dispersion effect of the lithium niobate crystal, when multiwavelength
optical pulses enter into the interferometer, at the output port, different wavelengths will have different phase
differences between two arms. As a result, after interference, the transmission characteristics of different wavelengths
will have a phase shift between each other, and this is just the key issue of phase shift photonic analog-to-digital
conversion. The other scheme we will propose in this paper is a spectral encoded photonic analog-to-digital conversion.
The spectral transmission characteristic of the asymmetric interferometer will shift with the voltage change of the analog
signal, and this shift has an ideal linear relation with the analog voltage change. The peak wavelength of the transmission
spectrum can be detected to realize quantization of the applied analog signal. Using both schemes presented in this paper,
high sampling rate and high resolution optical analog-to-digital conversion can be realized.
High-speed Photonic Analog-to-Digital Convertor (ADC) has attracted intense interest of researchers for the past three
decades, for it has the potential applications in areas that have extreme bandwidth requirements, such as radio astronomy,
real-time measurements and so on. Photonic ADCs can be categorized into two major classes: optical assisted ADC and
all-optical ADC. In optical assisted ADC, the sampling is performed in optical domain and the quantization is done in
electrical domain. In all-optical ADC, the sampling, quantization and coding are done in optical domain. Optical assisted
ADC combines the ultra-stable, ultra-low time jitter characterizations of mode-locked lasers and mature high-speed
electronic circuits, therefore it is much easier to implement in practical systems. However, the ultra-short (less than tens
of pico-seconds) post-sampling pulse sequence required by high resolution ADC places a challenge for the following
electrical processing, because ultra-high-speed (>2GHz) "integrate-hold" circuits are hard to design and manufacture. In
this paper, an optical hold module (OHM) is proposed, theoretically analyzed, numerically simulated and experimentally
demonstrated, which can be used to replace ultra-high-speed "integrate-hold" circuits and has more merits than the latter.
This optical hold module has potential applications in several other areas, such as fiber sensors, and so on.
KEYWORDS: Dispersion, Modulation, Analog electronics, Digital photography, Electrooptic modulators, Electro optics, Modulators, Decision support systems, Single mode fibers, Optical amplifiers
A novel digital-to-analog converter based on multi-wavelength pulse source is proposed and primarily demonstrated by
experiment. The multi-wavelength pulse train which has been pretreated is separated in time domain through dispersion.
The pulse of different wavelength corresponds to the input digital data. Only one electro-optical modulator is needed in
the scheme. In the primary experiment, a 3-bit photonic digital-to-analog converter with a sample rate of 2.5 Gb/s is
realized. The scheme is simple and compact compared with the scheme using multiple electro-optical modulators.
An approach to generate ultrawideband (UWB) monocycle pulses is proposed and experimentally demonstrated, based on a dual-output intensity modulator and tunable optical time delay. Positive and negative pulses are obtained from two output ports of the modulator, respectively, and are coupled together through different time delays. The generated monocycle pulse has a 10-dB bandwidth of 6.5 GHz and a central frequency of 3.7 GHz.
Although two-photon fluorescence microscopy has quite good optical sectioning ability, it still suffers from image blurring. The Richardson-Lucy deconvolution algorithm has been routinely employed to reduce image blurring because it is well suited to characterizing the Poisson statistics of the photomultiplier. However, noises are amplified in this iterative procedure, so a denoising technique should be introduced before performing the Richardson-Lucy deconvolution. An algorithm that prefilters undesired noise by modifying the robust anisotropic diffusion before performing the regularized Richardson-Lucy deconvolution is proposed. Experiments have shown that noise is almost eliminated, sharp edges are well preserved, and more details of structures are distinguished with this technique. Quantitative data of four evaluation criteria are provided to validate the performance of the proposed scheme. Lastly, we apply the proposed approach to the image restoration of real two-photon microscopic images.
We propose and demonstrate a novel method for a radio-frequency photonic arbitrary waveform generator based on a tunable, multiwavelength pulse sequence and wavelength-to-time mapping induced by fiber chromatic dispersion. We simulate and experimentally demonstrate the generation of an arbitrary waveform and obtain burst single-tone, frequency modulation, and phase modulation signals. We also analyze the potential and primary limitations in the proposed architecture.
The impact on the performance of the direct-sequence optical code-division multiple-access (DS-OCDMA) system due to wavelength mismatch between encoder and decoder is investigated. Simulation results show that the encoder-decoder wavelength mismatch will degrade the bit-error-rate performance of the DS-OCDMA system drastically by decreasing the contrast ratio of the correctly and incorrectly decoded signals and lower data rate systems are more vulnerable to wavelength mismatch than higher data rate systems. In practical DS-OCDMA systems, the wavelength mismatch between encoder and decoder should be minimized, and some protective measures, such as temperature stabilization and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) packaging, should be taken to enhance the immunity of the superstructured FBG encoder/decoder to ambient conditions.
Two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy is becoming a powerful tool in study of neuron functional imaging
in vivo for its inherent deeper penetration, less photo-damage. Now, with the two-photon fluorescence images of brain
tissue, we can reconstruct three-dimensional neuronal morphologies easily. However, the images usually are obscured by
a lot of noise, in particular in deep tissue with strong excitation laser power. Therefore, good image restoration technique
that could remove the noise while preserve neuronal structure is crucial for the results of subsequent image segmentation
and neuron reconstruction. Here, we propose a modified nonlinear anisotropic diffusion filter which incorporates both
gradient and gray-level variance of raw data, to remove the noise, rather than merely considers gradient as the classical
Perona-Malik nonlinear anisotropic diffusion model. Experimental results have shown that the proposed scheme can
remove noisy speckles effectively while maintain the shape of neuronal morphologies in two-photon fluorescence
images without conflict.
Two-photon fluorescence microscopy is a powerful technique to obtain the stacks of neuronal individual or population
morphologies deep inside brain tissue in vivo. However, the stacks often suffer from increasing noises with depth
because of light scattering of specimen and optical distortion of microscopic system. Therefore, deconvolution becomes
a more useful and a crucial approach to restore the original details of neuronal structure in fluorescence images. Since
Richardson-Lucy deconvolution algorithm is appropriate for Poisson process of microscopy but sensitive to noise, we
propose a scheme that it pre-filters noise via Perona-Malik nonlinear anisotropic diffusion before performing regularized
Richardson-Lucy deconvolution algorithm. In contrast to other restoration approaches, the preliminary denoising of
Perona-Malik diffusion model provides a better trade-off between noise reduction and edge preservation, and helps to
following regularized Richardson-Lucy deconvolution procedure. Experimental results have shown that proposed
scheme is effective and robust for restoring noisy two-photon fluorescence images.
In this paper, an optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) system is demonstrated. The ultrashort light pulse is encoded and then decoded by amplitude sampled fiber Bragg gratings with equivalent phase shift (EPS). Compared with traditional superstructured fiber Bragg grating (SSFBG) with real phase shift (RPS), FBG with EPS is much easier to fabricate. In our experiment, it shows its full ability to perform encoding and decoding in OCDMA systems, and good encoding/decoding performance is achieved.
The performance of a spectral-phase-encoded (SPE) optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) system is analyzed. Regarding the incorrectly decoded signal (IDS) as a nonstationary random process, we derive a novel probability distribution for it. The probability distribution of the IDS is considered a chi-squared distribution with degrees of freedom r=1, which is more reasonable and accurate than in previous work. The bit error rate (BER) of an SPE OCDMA system under multiple-access interference is evaluated. Numerical results show that the system can sustain very low BER even when there are multiple simultaneous users, and as the code length becomes longer or the initial pulse becomes shorter, the system performs better.
A large number of biological information has been available from genome sequencing and bioinformatics. To further understand the qualities of the biological networks (such as metabolic network) in the complex biological system, representations of integrated function in silico have been widely investigated, and various modeling approaches have been designed, most of which are based on detailed kinetic information except flux balance analysis (FBA). FBA, just based on stoichimetrical information of reactions, is a suitable method for the study of metabolic pathways, and it analyzes the behaviors of the network from the viewpoint of the whole system. Herein, this modeling approach has been utilized to reconstruct the mitochondrial metabolic network to integrate and analyze its capability of producing energy. Besides, extreme pathways analysis (EPA) and shadow prices analysis have also been integrated to study the interior characters of the network. Our modeling results have indicated for the first time that the covalent regulative property of pyruvate dehydrogenase is restrained by the feedback of acetyl-CoA. Combined with the biological experiments, these simulations in silico could be pretty useful for the further understanding of functions and characters of the biological network as a complex system.
Optical performance monitoring is a very import issue in the optical transparent network. We present an optical performance monitoring method, based on asynchronous sampling technology, and Q value and bit error rate can be calculated by the asynchronous histogram. Experiment result shows that the optical performance method is bit rate transparent and modulate format transparent.
In this paper, an interferometric autocorrelator based on two-photon-absorption (TPA) detector is demonstrated. It can be used in the measurement of ultrashort pulse at 1.55 um wavelength region. From the second order autocorrelation trace of optical field, we can infer the pulse width. Accompanied with a linear detector, we can fully characterize the optical pulse, including intensity and phase profiles. A novel phase retrieval algorithm is proposed. It is a combination of an iterative loop and an evolution process. Simulation results show that our algorithm converges stably and can give a
better approximation of the optical field than traditional algorithm.
A simple optical sampling scheme for ultra-high speed optical A/D conversion is demonstrated. 10GHz microwave signal is sampled using 10ps optical pulses generated by a mode lock laser, and 6 bits resolution is achieved.
Absence of relaxation oscillation in SOA fiber ring lasers is analyzed in this paper, which is always presented in actively mode- locked erbium-doped fiber (EDF) ring lasers. The super-mode competition can be effectively suppressed in SOA ring lasers due to the gain saturation of SOA. The experimental demonstrations were confirmed the above issues and good stability in a SOA mode-locked fiber ring laser without any feedback circuits was shown.
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