Recent satellites of the European Data Relay System (EDRS) are established with free-space optical (FSO) terminals. Operational FSO links in space are commercially available. Links between ALPHASAT or EDRS-A as GEO terminals and Sentinel LEO terminals are established with TRL 9. However laser links from the satellites through the atmosphere have a low Technical Readiness Level. Starting 2015 an Airborne Optical Communication (AOC) Demonstrator was developed by Hensoldt, which provides Air-to-Space unidirectional communication capabilities over approximately 40000 km distance (Geo orbit) at a data rate of 1.8 Gbit/s at a wavelength of 1064 nm with a laser power of approx. 15 W. The demonstrator was flown on an Airbus A310 aircraft. Successful links with user data streams from Tenerife to the GEO Alphasaat proved the function of AOC.
Cameras for the SWIR wavelength range are becoming more and more important because of the better observation range for day-light operation under adverse weather conditions (haze, fog, rain). In order to choose the best suitable SWIR camera or to qualify a camera for a given application, characterization of the camera by means of the Minimum Resolvable Contrast MRC concept is favorable as the MRC comprises all relevant properties of the instrument. With the MRC known for a given camera device the achievable observation range can be calculated for every combination of target size, illumination level or weather conditions. MRC measurements in the SWIR wavelength band can be performed widely along the guidelines of the MRC measurements of a visual camera. Typically measurements are performed with a set of resolution targets (e.g. USAF 1951 target) manufactured with different contrast values from 50% down to less than 1%. For a given illumination level the achievable spatial resolution is then measured for each target. The resulting curve is showing the minimum contrast that is necessary to resolve the structure of a target as a function of spatial frequency. To perform MRC measurements for SWIR cameras at first the irradiation parameters have to be given in radiometric instead of photometric units which are limited in their use to the visible range. In order to do so, SWIR illumination levels for typical daylight and twilight conditions have to be defined. At second, a radiation source is necessary with appropriate emission in the SWIR range (e.g. incandescent lamp) and the irradiance has to be measured in W/m2 instead of Lux = Lumen/m2. At third, the contrast values of the targets have to be calibrated newly for the SWIR range because they typically differ from the values determined for the visual range. Measured MRC values of three cameras are compared to the specified performance data of the devices and the results of a multi-band in-house designed Vis-SWIR camera system are discussed.
The video output of thermal imagers stayed constant over almost two decades. When the famous Common Modules were employed a thermal image at first was presented to the observer in the eye piece only. In the early 1990s TV cameras were attached and the standard output was CCIR. In the civil camera market output standards changed to digital formats a decade ago with digital video streaming being nowadays state-of-the-art.
The reasons why the output technique in the thermal world stayed unchanged over such a long time are: the very conservative view of the military community, long planning and turn-around times of programs and a slower growth of pixel number of TIs in comparison to consumer cameras. With megapixel detectors the CCIR output format is not sufficient any longer. The paper discusses the state-of-the-art compression and streaming solutions for TIs.
Thermal cameras are widely used in driver vision enhancement systems. However, in pathless terrain, driving becomes
challenging without having a stereoscopic perception. Stereoscopic imaging is a well-known technique already for a long
time with understood physical and physiological parameters. Recently, a commercial hype has been observed, especially
in display techniques. The commercial market is already flooded with systems based on goggle-aided 3D-viewing
techniques. However, their use is limited for military applications since goggles are not accepted by military users for
several reasons.
The proposed uncooled thermal imaging stereoscopic camera with a geometrical resolution of 640x480 pixel perfectly
fits to the autostereoscopic display with a 1280x768 pixels. An eye tracker detects the position of the observer's eyes and
computes the pixel positions for the left and the right eye. The pixels of the flat panel are located directly behind a
slanted lenticular screen and the computed thermal images are projected into the left and the right eye of the observer.
This allows a stereoscopic perception of the thermal image without any viewing aids. The complete system including
camera and display is ruggedized. The paper discusses the interface and performance requirements for the thermal
imager as well as for the display.
In case bird migration routes cross approach corridors near airports bird strike prevention with thermal imaging systems
has advantages compared to others technologies i.e. RADAR systems. In our case a stereoscopic thermal imaging system
sensitive in the mid wavelength range (3 - 5 μm) with high geometrical (640 × 512 pixel) and high thermal resolution (<
20 mK) measures in real time the swarm size, direction and velocity with high accuracy in order to give an early warning
under all relevant weather conditions during day, night and twilight. The system is self-calibrating to keep the relative
position of the paired stereoscopic thermal imagers in the sub-pixel range under all environmental conditions.
The stereoscopic systems are placed in a sufficient distance to the crossing with the take-off or landing path to enable
warning times of several minutes. Moreover the risk potential of the swarm is determined by taking the size of a single
bird as well as the number of birds in the swarm into account. By using this information an arrival time of the swarm at
the crossing point is determined and provided to the air security controllers together with the risk potential of the swarm.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.