This article introduces adaptive loop filtering (ALF) techniques being considered for the HEVC standard. The key idea
of ALF is to minimize the mean square error between original pixels and decoded pixels using Wiener-based adaptive
filter coefficients. ALF is located at the last processing stage of each picture and can be regarded as a tool trying to catch
and fix artifacts from previous stages. The suitable filter coefficients are determined by the encoder and explicitly
signaled to the decoder. In order to achieve better coding efficiency, especially for high resolution videos, local
adaptation is used for luma signals by applying different filter to different region in a picture. In addition to filter
adaptation, filter on/off control at largest coding unit (LCU) level is also helpful for improving coding efficiency.
Syntax-wise, filter coefficients are sent in a picture level header called adaptation parameter set (APS), and filter on/off
flags of LCUs are interleaved at LCU level in the slice data. Besides supporting picture-based optimization of ALF, the
syntax design can support low delay applications as well. When the filter coefficients in APS are trained by using a
previous picture, filter on/off decisions can be made on the fly during encoding of LCUs, so the encoding latency is only
one LCU. Simulation results show that the ALF can achieve on average 5% bit rate reduction and up to 27% bit rate
reduction for 25 HD sequences. The run time increases are 1% and 10% for encoders and decoders, respectively, with
un-optimized C++ codes in software.
This paper describes video coding technology proposal submitted by Qualcomm Inc. in response to a joint call for
proposal (CfP) issued by ITU-T SG16 Q.6 (VCEG) and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (MPEG) in January 2010. Proposed
video codec follows a hybrid coding approach based on temporal prediction, followed by transform, quantization, and
entropy coding of the residual. Some of its key features are extended block sizes (up to 64x64), recursive integer
transforms, single pass switched interpolation filters with offsets (single pass SIFO), mode dependent directional
transform (MDDT) for intra-coding, luma and chroma high precision filtering, geometry motion partitioning, adaptive
motion vector resolution. It also incorporates internal bit-depth increase (IBDI), and modified quadtree based adaptive
loop filtering (QALF). Simulation results are presented for a variety of bit rates, resolutions and coding configurations to
demonstrate the high compression efficiency achieved by the proposed video codec at moderate level of encoding and
decoding complexity. For random access hierarchical B configuration (HierB), the proposed video codec achieves an
average BD-rate reduction of 30.88c/o compared to the H.264/AVC alpha anchor. For low delay hierarchical P (HierP)
configuration, the proposed video codec achieves an average BD-rate reduction of 32.96c/o and 48.57c/o, compared to the
H.264/AVC beta and gamma anchors, respectively.
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