A robust polymeric waveguide technology is proposed for affordable optoelectronic interconnects in massively parallel processing applications. We have developed high-performance organic polymeric materials that can be readily made into both multimode and single-mode optical waveguide structures of controlled numerical aperture and geometry. These materials are formed from highly-crosslinked acrylate monomers with specific linkages that determine properties such as flexibility, toughness, loss, and stability against yellowing. These monomers are intermiscible, providing for precise adjustment of the refractive index from 1.30 to 1.60. Waveguides are formed lithographically, with the liquid monomer mixture polymerizing upon illumination in the UV via either mask exposure or laser direct-writing. A wide range of rigid and flexible substrates can be used, including glass, quartz, oxidized silicon, glass-filled epoxy printed circuit board substrate, and flexible polyimide film. Our waveguides are low loss (0.02 dB/cm at 840 nm) as well as temperature resistant (over 65 years at 100 degree(s)C) and humidity resistant (no effect on unpackaged guides after 600 hours at 85 degree(s)C 85% RH), enabling use in a variety of demanding applications. We discuss the use of these materials on multi-chip modules, boards, and backplanes. Waveguiding structures measuring tens of inches in length can be produced on backplanes, and guides that are meters long can be laser-written on rolls of plastic. We also discuss the fabrication of symmetrically-clad flexible strips of waveguide arrays that are compatible with MT- type connectors.
We report on an advanced polymer technology that enable the low-cost monolithic integration of micro-optical elements with planar waveguiding circuitry. We have developed high- performance organic polymeric materials in which both micro- optical and waveguiding structures can be formed with controlled geometries. These materials are formed form highly-crosslinked acrylate monomers with specific linkages that determine properties such as flexibility, toughness, contrast, loss, and stability against yellowing. Waveguides with microns to tens of microns dimensions as well as micro- optical structures that are up to several hundred microns in thickness are printed photolithographically, withthe liquid monomer mixture polymerizing upon illumination in the UV via either mask exposure or laser direct-writing. Precise control of the photochemical reaction dynamics results in high resolution in the complete thickness range. A variety of rigid and flexible substrates can be utilized, including glass, quartz, silicon, glass-filled epoxy printed circuit board substrate, and flexible polyimide film. We discuss the production of various novel micro-optical elements that we routinely integrate with waveguiding circuits. These elements include fiber grippers for waveguide pigtailing, prisms for coupling of light from VCSELs into waveguides and from guides into photodetector chips, and pedestals for passive alignment of fiber ribbons or waveguide-array strips to waveguides.
The success of optical fiber technology continues to enable great advances in telecommunications. Among the more recent commercial developments have included the erbium doped fiber amplifier, 10 GB/sec time division multiplexing, and dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM). In the near future two trends will dominate the continued growth of this technology (1) increased optical device functionality and (2) migration of increased bandwidth down to local loop and access levels of the network. Examples of increased functionality will include splitters and DWDMs with increased port counts, wavelength conversion, and matrix optical switching. Migration of bandwidth will require greater volumes of fundamental optical components such as power splitters and WDMs. We will discuss our polymeric optical device technology in light of both current and future telecom needs. We have developed a series of cross-linked polymers with intrinsic losses in the 1.55 micrometer window as low as 0.1 - 0.2 dB/cm. Singlemode waveguides can be made from these materials by photolithography or by molding. Our baseline materials, C20 and C21, are nonhalogenated polymers and exhibit waveguide losses at 1.55 micrometer of 1 to 1.5 dB/cm; by increasing the level of halogenation we can achieve waveguide losses as low as 0.3 dB/cm. These polymers exhibit excellent resistance to adverse environmental conditions, typified by the well-known Bellcore 85 degrees Celsius/85%RH soak test. One X sixteen and 1 X 8 power splitting devices made from C20/C21 have exhibited insertion losses of 11 dB and uniformities of plus or minus 0.3 dB at 1.3 micrometer. We have also invented a passive alignment technology that allows optical fibers to be 'snap-fit' aligned with the optical waveguide, which reduces the difficulty and cost of pigtailing. Finally, we discuss our approach to DWDM which takes advantage of our ability to precisely control the refractive index of our polymers by proper selection of the comonomers.
An advanced polymeric waveguide technology was developed for affordable WDM components that address the needs of both the Telecom and the Datacom industries. We engineered high- performance organic polymers that can be readily made into both multimode and single-mode optical waveguide structures of controlled numerical aperture and geometry. These materials are formed from highly-crosslinked acrylate monomers with specific linkages that determine properties such as flexibility, toughness, loss, and environmental stability. These monomers are intermiscible, providing for precise adjustment of the refractive index from 1.3 to 1.6. In polymer form, they exhibit state-of-the-art loss values, high thermal stability, high humidity resistance, low dispersion and low birefringence. Waveguides are formed photolithographically, with the liquid monomer mixture polymerizing upon illumination in the UV via either mask exposure or laser direct writing. A wide range of rigid and flexible substrates can be used, including glass, quartz, oxidized silicon, glass-filled epoxy printed circuit board substrate, and flexible polyimide film. Waveguiding structures measuring tens of inches in length can be produced on computer boards, and guides that are meters long can be printed on rolls of plastic. We describe the fabrication of both Bragg gratings and waveguide grating routes in our polymers for filtering and demultiplexing applications in Telecom WDM systems. In Datacom, we describe polymeric components that we produced for aerospace WDM sensor systems. The importance of CAD tools in designing WDM devices is emphasized in this work. We further discuss the low-cost manufacturing of WDM components in an industrial environment.
An advanced versatile low-cost polymeric waveguide technology has been developed for optoelectronic applications. This technology is based upon new polymeric materials for ultra-low-loss optical interconnection, particularly for the key wavelengths of 0.83, 1 .3, and 1 .55 microns. Development of these materials has required a thorough understanding of fundamental principles of optical absorption due to both vibrational and electronic resonant absorptions. We have thus created materials with measured losses at 830 nm which are in the range ofO.02 dB/cm. At longer wavelengths, the losses can be higher due to the vibrational absorption within the polymer. However through careful selection of chemical structure, polymeric materials with intrinsic loss below 0.08 dB/cm have been demonstrated at 1 .55 micron wavelength. These high-performance organic polymers can be readily made into both multimode and single-mode optical waveguide structures with controlled numerical aperture (NA) and geometry. We will discuss the use of these materials in a variety of passive photonic devices.
A versatile polymeric waveguide technology is proposed for low-cost high-performance photonic devices that address the needs of both the telecom and the datacom industries. We have developed advanced organic polymeric materials that can be readily made into both multimode and single-mode optical waveguide structures of controlled numerical aperture (NA) and geometry. These materials are formed from highly-crosslinked acrylate monomers with specific linkages that determine properties such as flexibility, toughness, loss, and stability with temperature and humidity. These monomers are intermiscible, providing for precise adjustment of the refractive index from 1.3 to 1.6. Waveguides are formed photolithographically, with the liquid monomer mixture polymerizing upon illumination in the UV via either mask exposure or laser direct-writing. A wide range of rigid and flexible substrates can be used, including glass, quartz, oxidized silicon, glassfilled epoxy printed circuit board substrate, and flexible polyimide film. We discuss the use of these materials on chips, on multi-chip modules (MCM’s), on boards, and on backplanes. Light coupling from and to chips is achieved by cutting 45° mirrors using Excimer laser ablation. Fabrication of the planar polymeric structures directly on the modules provides for stability, ruggedness, and hermeticity in packaging.
The development of multimode passive polymer optical waveguide components for board and backplane interconnect applications, such as in the DARPA-sponsored, polymer optical interconnect technology (POINT) program, require several optics design issues to be addressed including efficiency and modal noise. For example, the mating of arrays of sources, detectors, and fibers requires appropriate fanout structures to match the component pitch. Here we consider designs for such structures employing multimode polymer waveguides, including both abrupt and smooth bending elements. We investigate these structures using a new multimode BPM simulation CAD tool, and consider the bend losses as a function of geometry, angle, and source condition. The results are compared with experimental observations on devices fabricated for use in the POINT demonstration module. The simulation closely matches the experiment, demonstrating the utility of such efforts in practical component development.
This paper describes the technical approach and progresses of the POINT program. This project is a collaborative effort among GE, Honeywell, AMP, AlliedSignal, Columbia University and University of California at San Diego, sponsored by DARPA/ETO to develop affordable optoelectronic packaging and interconnect technologies for board and backplane applications. In this paper, we report the development of a backplane interconnect structure using polymer waveguides to an interconnect length of 280 mm to demonstrate high density and high speed interconnect, and the related technical development efforts on: (a) a high density and high speed VCSEL array packaging technology that employs planar fabrication and batch processing for low-cost manufacturing, (b) passive alignment techniques for reducing recurrent cost in optoelectronic assembly, (c) low-cost optical polymers for board and backplane level interconnects, and (d) CAD tools for modeling multimode guided wave systems and assisting optoelectronic packaging mechanical design.
AlliedSignal scientists have developed new polymeric materials for ultra-low-loss optical interconnection, particularly for the key wavelengths of 0.83, 1.3, and 1.55 microns. Developments of these materials has required a thorough understanding of fundamental principles of optical absorption due to both vibrational and electronic resonant absorptions. We have thus created materials with measure losses at 830 nm which are in the range of 0.02 dB/cm/ At longer wavelengths, the losses can be higher due to the vibrational absorption within the polymer. However through careful selection of chemical structure, polymeric materials with intrinsic loss below 0.08 dB/cm have been demonstrated at 1.55 micron wavelength. For wavelengths longer than 830 nm, single-mode and multimode waveguides with losses equal to the intrinsic loses have been fabricated.
An advanced versatile low-cost polymeric waveguide technology is proposed for optoelectronic integrated circuit applications. We have developed high-performance organic polymeric materials that can be readily made into both multimode and single-mode optical waveguide structures of controlled numerical aperture (NA) and geometry. These materials are formed from highly crosslinked acrylate monomers with specific linkages that determine properties such as flexibility, toughness, loss, and stability against yellowing and humidity. These monomers are intermiscible, providing for precise adjustment of the refractive index from 1.30 to 1.60. Waveguides are formed photolithographically, with the liquid monomer mixture polymerizing upon illumination in the UV via either mask exposure or laser direct-writing. A wide range of rigid and flexible substrates can be used, including glass, quartz, oxidized silicon, glass-filled epoxy printed circuit board substrate, and flexible polyimide film. We discuss the use of these materials on chips and on multi-chip modules (MCMs), specifically in transceivers where we adaptively produced waveguides on vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) embedded in transmitter MCMs and on high- speed photodetector chips in receiver MCMs. Light coupling from and to chips is achieved by cutting 45 degree mirrors using excimer laser ablation. The fabrication of our polymeric structures directly on the modules provides for stability, ruggedness, and hermeticity in packaging.
We have developed organic polymeric materials that can be readily made into both multimode and single-mode optical waveguide structures of controlled numerical aperture and geometry, making them excellent candidates for WDM applications. Waveguides are formed lithographically, with the liquid monomer mixture polymerizing upon illumination in the UV via either mask exposure or laser writing. Our waveguides are low loss (0.03 dB/cm at 840 nm multimode) as well as temperature resistant (up to 10 years at 120 degree(s)C), enabling use in a variety of applications. Single-mode structures such as directional couplers have been made via laser writing. We further discuss the fundamental optical properties of these polymers and as they relate to WDM applications. As an example, we discuss an inorganic multimode WDM sensor that has been developed for aerospace applications and its integration with multimode polymer waveguides.
The Polymer Optical Interconnect Technology (POINT) represents a major collaborative effort among GE, Honeywell, AMP, AlliedSignal, Columbia University and the University of California at San Diego (UCSD), sponsored by ARPA, in developing affordable optoelectronic module packaging and interconnect technologies for board- and backplane- level optical interconnect applications for a wide range of military and commercial applications. The POINT program takes a novel development approach by fully leveraging the existing electronic design, processing, fabrication and module packaging technologies to optoelectronic module packaging. The POINT program further incorporates several state-of-the-art optoelectronic technologies that include high-speed VCSEL for multichannel array data TM transmission; flexible optical polymers such as Polyguide or coupling of device-to-fiber using a passively alignment process; a low-loss polymer for backplane interconnect to provide a high I/O density; low-cost diffractive optical elements (DOE) for board-to-backplane interconnect; and use of molded MT array ferrule to reduce overall system size, weight, and cost. In addition to further reducing design and fabrication cycle times, computer simulation tools for optical waveguide and mechanical modeling will be advanced under the POINT program.
Organic polymeric materials offer great promise for the creation of optical guided-wave structures. We have developed a number of new polymeric compositions which can be used to fabricate optical waveguide circuitry characterized by low loss and high thermal stability (up to 75 years at 120 degree(s)C for 840 nm wavelength). This technology makes possible the fabrication of complex point-to-point optical interconnections with controlled numerical aperture and geometry, allowing creation of right angle bends, splitters, combiners, etc. on a wide variety of substrates including circuit board laminate, silicon, silica, polymeric films and glass. To complement this technology, we have developed a unique capability for interconnecting glass optical fibers to multimode planar waveguide structures with low loss (0.5 dB per connection or less). As part of the FLASH program, we are utilizing this technology to construct a backplane which will incorporate multimode guides with both in-plane and out-of-plane bends, and which will be integrated with a connector to allow interfacing with glass fiber. We are also researching the implementation of single-mode guides employing our materials for possible future application.
We report the electro-optic and thermal stability properties of a new class of novel thermostable fluorene-based cardo-type polymers. The electro-optic coefficients found for these materials are comparable to those obtained from many other reported side-chain polymers. Isothermal decay measurements for both the charge transfer absorption bands and for the electro-optic responses demonstrate that the thermal degradation of electro-optic response in these materials is dominated by chemical degradation and not by depoling, at least over a large range of elevated temperatures. One of these materials for example is characterized by a measured 1/e decay time of over 40 days at 190 degree(s)C with extrapolated lifetimes of over one year at 175 degree(s)C.
We have investigated the photochemistry and optical properties of an azo dye-based electro- optic (EO) copolymer, methacrylate-bound Disperse Red 1/methylmethacrylate (MA1). We present a complete picture of the optical properties of the copolymer at wavelengths ranging from 200 nm to 1800 nm with detection sensitivity over 6 orders of magnitude. We describe intrinsic measurements of absorption loss and also describe how temperature and radiation affect absorption loss. Photochemical investigations reveal details concerning photodelineation of waveguides in MA1. Irreversible photodegradation of the azo chromophore proceeds with both visible and ultra-violet radiation and a quantum yield of 2 X 10-5 is found for 475 nm radiation in MA1.
Practical applications of electro-optic polymers require thermally stable materials with high electro-optic coefficients and low absorption loss. In this report, we first review the properties of some azo-based electro-optic polymer materials and devices. We then describe a new class of electro-optic cardo polymers with glass transition temperatures greater than 200$DEGC.
We describe a laser-writing technique for fabricating polymeric optical waveguides by photo- crosslinking acrylate monomer materials. We report loss measurements as low as 0.01 dB/cm in straight laser-written photopolymer waveguides and describe changes in waveguide losses at temperatures up to 250 degree(s)C. Loss measurements are also summarized for 90 degree(s) bends and laser-written 8 X 8 star couplers.
We report loss measurements in polymer-bound Disperse Red I slab and photodelineated channel waveguides. Losses resulting from electronic charge-transfer and vibrational carbon- hydrogen stretch overtone absorptions, trans to cis isomerization, exposure to visible or ultraviolet (UV) light and changes in dye pendant group number density are investigated. A waveguide absorption spectrometer is described which can measured waveguide losses (alpha) ((lambda) ) from 600 - 1800 nm. Absorption losses are compared to the wavelength dependent electro-optic coefficient r33((lambda) ) and a figure-of-merit r33((lambda) )/(alpha) ((lambda) ) is determined for the material.
Polymeric materials that exhibit a controlled change in refractive index upon irradiation with UV light are promising candidates for the development of polymeric optical interconnects. We have demonstrated that polymers containing nitrone functional groups can be spatially patterned for single-mode waveguide devices using both laser direct writing and traditional photolithographic techniques.
Polymeric materials suitable for the formation of both passive and electro-optically active waveguide devices have been produced. We have developed methods for delineating channel waveguides in thin polymer films via a photopatteming technique. A description of the performance characteristics of devices incorporating these materials will be presented. An analysis of the advantages and drawbacks of polymeric systems will also be included.
The formation of both passive and active optical waveguide structures in thin films of organic polymers by a direct one-step photochemical process is reported. A photochemical transformation changes the chemical composition of a polymer of dye/polymer mixture. The reaction modifies the absorption spectrum of the material and thus alters its index of refraction. This technique is used to create waveguide structures both by spatially-selected laser direct writing and contact mask exposure. It is demonstrated that passive and active waveguide structures can be delineated in thin films of organic polymers by photochemically altering the index of refraction of the materials. The formation of single or multimode devices is possible using standard lithographic procedures which are suitable for mass production.
Organic polymeric materials offer great promise for the creation ofoptical guided-wave structures for use with silicon
or gallium arsenide semiconductor devices. We have developed a number of new polymeric materials for which the refractive
index may be photochemically controlled. These materials are ifiustrated by solid solutions of novel nitrone compounds in
polymer hosts such as PMMA. We have demonstrated the creation of planar guided-wave structures in these materials both
with direct laser writing and with traditional photolithographic techniques. We have also developed polymeric materials which
are electro-optically active and which provide for the photochemical delineation ofguided-wave structures. We have utilized
these materials to create electro-optic devices such as optical modulators.
Nonlinear triplet-triplet absorption in organic molecules can be used to construct
all-optical switches and spatial light modulators. Experimental results using films
of eosin in polyvinylacohol are presented and compared with theoretical
calculations.
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