We describe the potential of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence as a source of contrast for margin detection in commonly diagnosed breast cancer subtypes. Fluorescence intensity of PpIX in untreated and ALA-treated normal mammary epithelial and breast cancer cell lines of varying estrogen receptor expression were quantitatively imaged with confocal microscopy. Percentage change in fluorescence intensity integrated over 610-700 nm (attributed to PpIX) of posttreated compared to pretreated cells showed statistically significant differences between four breast cancer and two normal mammary epithelial cell lines. However, a direct comparison of post-treatment PpIX fluorescence intensities showed no differences between breast cancer and normal mammary epithelial cell lines due to confounding effects by endogenous fluorescence from flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Clinically, it is impractical to obtain pre- and post-treatment images. Thus, spectral imaging was demonstrated as a means to remove the effects of endogenous FAD fluorescence allowing for discrimination between post-treatment PpIX fluorescence of four breast cancer and two normal mammary epithelial cell lines. Fluorescence spectral imaging of ALA-treated breast cancer cells showed preferential PpIX accumulation regardless of malignant phenotype and suggests a useful contrast mechanism for discrimination of residual cancer at the surface of breast tumor margins.
A hybrid optical device that uses a multimode fiber coupled to a tunable light source for illumination and a 2.4-mm photodiode for detection in contact with the tissue surface is developed as a first step toward our goal of developing a cost-effective, miniature spectral imaging device to map tissue optical properties in vivo. This device coupled with an inverse Monte Carlo model of reflectance is demonstrated to accurately quantify tissue absorption and scattering in tissue-like turbid synthetic phantoms with a wide range of optical properties. The overall errors for quantifying the absorption and scattering coefficients are 6.0±5.6 and 6.1±4.7%, respectively. Compared with fiber-based detection, having the detector right at the tissue surface can significantly improve light collection efficiency, thus reducing the requirement for sophisticated detectors with high sensitivity, and this design can be easily expanded into a quantitative spectral imaging system for mapping tissue optical properties in vivo.
Previous research has shown benign and cancerous tissues to have different chemical make-ups. To measure the elemental concentration of biological samples noninvasively, we used neutron stimulated emission computed tomography (NSECT). When an incident neutron scatters inelastically from an atomic nucleus, it emits characteristic gamma energies, allowing for measurement of the elemental concentration of biological samples. Thus NSECT has the potential to be a method for precancerous tissue detection. In Monte Carlo simulations, we bombarded both a benign and a malignant human breast with 50 million neutrons. The resulting photon spectra were blurred to model the detector resolutions and then analyzed for peak detection. This simulation study analyzed the characteristic spectra using three detectors of different resolutions: a High-Purity Germanium (HPGe) semiconductor, a Bismuth Germanate (BGO) scintillator, and a Sodium Iodide (NaI) scintillator. The effective energy resolutions of these detectors are 0.1%, 7%, and 12%, respectively. The detectability of element peaks in the breast model was greatly reduced when the blur increased from just 0.1% to 7%. These initial experiments are valuable in choosing optimal detectors for peak detection in further NSECT studies and indicate that high-resolution detectors, such as HPGe, are required for using spectral peak analysis for breast cancer prediction.
Certain elements (such as Fe, Cu, Zn, etc.) are vital to the body and an imbalance of such elements can either be a symptom or cause of certain pathologies. Neutron Stimulated Emission Computed Tomography (NSECT) is a spectroscopic imaging technique whereby the body is illuminated via a beam of neutrons causing elemental nuclei to become excited and emit characteristic gamma radiation. Acquiring the gamma energy spectra in a tomographic geometry allows reconstruction of elemental concentration images. Previously we have demonstrated the feasibility of NSECT using first generation CT approaches; while successful, the approach does not scale well and has limited resolution. Additionally, current gamma cameras operate in an energy range too low for NSECT imaging. However, the orbiting Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) captures and images gamma rays over the high-energy range equivalent to NSECT's (3 keV to 17 MeV) by utilizing Collimator-based Fourier transform imaging. A High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector counts the number of energy events per unit of time, providing spectroscopic data. While a pair of rotating collimators placed in front of the detector modulates the number of gamma events, providing spatial information. Knowledge of the number of energy events at each discrete collimator angle allows for 2D image reconstruction. This method has proven successful at a focus of infinity in the RHESSI application. Our goal is to achieve similar results at a reasonable near-field focus. Here we describe the results of our simulations to implement a rotating modulation collimator (RMC) gamma imager for use in NSECT using simulations in Matlab. To determine feasible collimator setups and the stability of the inverse problem a Matlab environment was created that uses the geometry of the system to generate 1D observation data from 2D images and then to reconstruct 2D images using the MLEM algorithm. Reasonable collimator geometries were determined, successful reconstruction was achieved and the inverse problem was found to be stable.
Neutron Stimulated Emission Computed Tomography (NSECT) was evaluated as a potential technique for breast cancer diagnosis. NSECT can form a 3D tomographic image with an elemental (isotopic) spectrum provided at each reconstructed voxel. The target is illuminated (in vivo) by a neutron beam that scatters in-elastically producing characteristic gamma emission that is acquired tomographically with a spectrograph. Images are reconstructed of each element in the acquired spectrum. NSECT imaging was simulated for benign and malignant breast masses. A range of the number of incident neutrons was simulated from 19 million to 500k neutrons. Simulation included all known primary and secondary physical interactions in both the breast as well as in the spectrometer. Characteristic energy spectra were acquired by simulation and were analyzed for statistically significant differences between benign and malignant breasts. For 1 million incident neutrons, there were 61 differences in the spectra that were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Of these, 23 matched known characteristic emission from 6 elements that have been found in the breast (Br, Cs, K, Mn, Rb, Zn). The dose to two breasts was less than 3% of the dose of a 4 view screening mammogram. Increasing the dose to 52% of the mammogram (19 million neutrons) provided 89 significant spectral differences that matched 30 known emissions from 7 elements that have been found in the breast (Br, Co, Cs, K, Mn, Rb, Zn). Decreasing the dose to 1.4% (500K neutrons) eliminated all statistically significant matches to known elements. This study suggests that NSECT may be a viable technique for detecting human breast cancer in vivo at a reduced dose compared to 4 view screening mammography.
KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Tissue optics, Photons, Tissues, Natural surfaces, Monte Carlo methods, Glasses, Fiber optics, Index matching antireflective coatings, Signal detection
Computer simulation is used to facilitate the design of fiber-probe geometries that enable enhanced detection of optical signals arising from specific tissue depths. Obtaining understanding of the relationship between fiber-probe design and tissue interrogation is critical when developing strategies for optical detection of epithelial precancers that originate at known depths from the tissue surface. The accuracy of spectroscopic diagnostics may be enhanced by discretely probing the optical properties of epithelium and underlying stroma, within which the morphological and biochemical features vary as a function of depth. While previous studies have investigated controlling tissue-probing depth for fluorescence-based modalities, in this study we focus on the detection of reflected light scattered by tissue. We investigate how the depth of optical interrogation may be controlled through combinations of collection angles, source-detector separations, and numerical apertures. We find that increasing the obliquity of collection fibers at a given source-detector separation can effectively enhance the detection of superficially scattered signals. Fiber numerical aperture provides additional depth selectivity; however, the perturbations in sampling depth achieved through this means are modest relative to the changes generated by modifying the angle of collection and source-detection separation.
KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Tissue optics, Photons, Tissues, Natural surfaces, Monte Carlo methods, Fiber optics, Glasses, Signal detection, Index matching antireflective coatings
Computer simulation was used to facilitate the design of fiber-probe geometries which enable enhanced detection of optical signals arising from specific tissue depths. Obtaining understanding of the relationship between fiber-probe design and tissue interrogation is critical when developing strategies for optical detection of epithelial pre-cancers which originate at known depths from the tissue surface. We investigated how the depth of optical interrogation may be controlled through combinations of collection angles, source-detector separations and numerical apertures. We found that increasing the obliquity of collection fibers at a given source-detector separation can effectively enhance the detection of superficially scattered signals. Fiber numerical aperture provides additional depth selectivity; however, the perturbations in sampling depth achieved through this means are modest relative to the changes generated by modifying the angle of collection and source-detection separation.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.