This paper describe ongoing research investigating how visualizations, especially line-graphs and charts, may be represented by haptics both to understand the structure and the values associated with the graphical realization. Much of the current research has focused mainly on the structure of the line-graph; some more recent work has used sound to depict the value of the curve. There has been limited work on multiple curves and more complex charts, with problems occurring between the crossover points of (say) a curve. We use the PHANToM Haptic interface to feel objects within the virtual world. Our investigations are focusing on a three- stage methodology: a) unguided exploration, where the user may wander and explore the haptic visualization in their own time, b) constrained navigation, where the user's point of interest is constrained to a particular path, but the user can still explore within these constraints, and c) Tours, where the user is completely guided round a predefined path.
KEYWORDS: Visualization, Distortion, Data modeling, Scattering, Floods, Information visualization, Associative arrays, Space operations, 3D displays, Skull
There are many well-used techniques in exploratory visualization that select, filter or highlight particular aspects of the visualization to gain a better understanding of the structure and makeup of the underlying information. Indeed, distortion techniques have been developed that deform and move different spatial elements of the representation allowing the user to view and investigate internal aspects of the visualization. But this distortion may cause the user to misunderstand the spatial structure and context of surrounding information and works better when the user knows what feature they are looking for. We believe that regular separation techniques, that separate and generate space round features or objects of interest clarifies the visual representations, are underused and that their use should be encouraged. We describe related research and literature, present some new methods, and classify the realizations by what type of separation is used and what information is being separated.
KEYWORDS: Visualization, Associative arrays, Visual analytics, Visual process modeling, Data modeling, 3D vision, Fluid dynamics, Navigation systems, Information visualization, Databases
Visualization is about discovery and understanding; the user wishes to gain a correct insight into the underlying information, to explore and analyze how different parts are related. Thus, presentation, exploration and explanation tools are used with manipulation and investigative techniques to display, discover and gain a 'correct dissemination' of the information. Moreover, by displaying the information simultaneously in multiple ways the user is aided in their investigation. Such multiform techniques may be generated through various algorithms; we organize these methods according to how they apply to the individual stages of the dataflow paradigm. These multiforms may be displayed in separate windows. Multiple views are useful (1) to overcome misinterpretations and provide additional insight, (2) for scientific exploration tasks of relating, coupling and to aid the 'drilling down' of information, and (3) to provide alter-native viewpoints by expressing different user-interpretations of the same information. Finally, to use multiple views effectively they should be, among other things, easily created, automatically coupled to other views and dynamically manipulated.
KEYWORDS: Visualization, Data modeling, Visual process modeling, Information visualization, Scientific visualization, Image visualization, Systems modeling, IRIS Consortium, 3D modeling, 3D vision
Scientific visualization, especially visualization exploration, enables information to be investigated and better understood. Exploration enables hands-on experimentation with the displayed visualizations and the underlying data. Most exploration techniques, by their nature, generate multiple realizations and many data instances. Thus, to best understand the information in coincident views, the manipulation information within one view may be 'directed' to other related views. These multiple views may be described as being closely coupled. Within this paper we advocate the use of coupled views for scientific visualization exploration. We describe, some key concepts of coupled views for visualization exploration and present how to encourage their use. The key concepts include: the scope of the correlation (between two specific views or many realizations), who initiates the correlation (whether the user or the system) and issues about 'what is correlated' (objects with a view, or the whole viewport).
KEYWORDS: Visualization, 3D modeling, Mirrors, Chemical elements, Algorithms, Scientific visualization, 3D image processing, Optical spheres, Image segmentation, Ray tracing
Surface visualization is very important within scientific visualization. The surfaces depict a value of equal density (an isosurface) or display the surrounds of specified objects within the data. Likewise, in two dimensions contour plots may be used to display the information. Thus similarly, in four dimensions hypersurfaces may be formed around hyperobjects. These surfaces (or contours) are often formed from a set of connected triangles (or lines). These piecewise segments represent the simplest non-degenerate object of that dimension and are named simplices. In four dimensions a simplex is represented by a tetrahedron, which is also known as a 3- simplex. Thus, a continuous n dimensional surface may be represented by a lattice of connected n-1 dimensional simplices. This lattice of connected simplices may be calculated over a set of adjacent n dimensional cubes, via for example the Marching Cubes Algorithm. We propose that the methods of this local-cell tiling method may be usefully- applied to four dimensions and potentially to N-dimensions. Thus, we organize the large number of traversal cases and major cases; introduce the notion of a sub-case (that enables the large number of cases to be further reduced); and describe three methods for implementing the Marching Cubes lookup table in four-dimensions.
Although, visualization is now widely used, misinterpretations still occur. There are three primary solutions intended to aid a user interpret data correctly. These are: displaying the data in different forms (Multiform visualization); simplifying (or abstracting) the structure of the viewed information; and linking objects and views together (allowing corresponding objects to be jointly manipulated and interrogated). These well-known visualization techniques, provide an emphasis towards the visualization display. We believe however that current visualization systems do not effectively utilise the display, for example, often placing it at the end of a long visualization process. Our visualization system, based on an adapted visualization model, allows a display method to be used throughout the visualization process, in which the user operates a 'Display (correlate) and Refine' visualization cycle. This display integration provides a useful exploration environment, where objects and views may be directly manipulated; a set of 'portions of interest' can be selected to generate a specialized dataset. This may subsequently be further displayed, manipulated and filtered.
Paper makers use many different synthetic and natural chemical additives for a variety of different reasons during the wet formation process. They are used to influence the efficiency of the formation process or to impart specific sheet properties. They are usually added (with the exception of pigments) at a level of around 0-5% by weight of the other components of the furnish and, because of their relatively high cost, they often represent a significant proportion of the total raw material costs - particularly for recycled grades where the fibre costs may be very low. When it is necessary to modify bulk sheet properties, as in the control of aqueous fluid penetration (internal sizing), the chemicals have to be added to the wet fibre suspension so that they become well distributed throughout the z-direction of the sheet. Chemicals which are added as a surface treatment to the dry sheet are usually only able to influence surface properties.
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