Methods for scalable output voltage and encapsulation of organic photovoltaic cells are addressed in this paper. To
obtain scalable output voltages, integrated photovoltaic modules comprised of a bulk heterojunction of poly(3-
hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and a soluble C70 derivative, [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM-70), were
fabricated. Power conversion efficiency of individual P3HT/PCBM-70 cells was estimated to be 4.1 % for AM1.5 G
illumination. Modules of one to four cells connected in series produced open-circuit voltages VOC that linearly depend on
the number of cells N as VOC = N × 0.621 V with a nearly constant short-circuit current of 1.4 ± 0.1 mA. Separately,
shelf lifetimes of more than one year were achieved for pentacene/C60 solar cells by encapsulation with a 200-nm-thick
layer of Al2O3 deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD). In addition, the ALD process improved the open-circuit
voltage and power conversion efficiency of the solar cells by thermal annealing that occurs during the process.
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