Constructing models of cells’ realistic internal and external morphology is vital for correlation between light scattering and morphology of the scattering structure. The image stack obtained from fluorescent confocal microscopy is at present used to construct the cell’s three-dimensional (3-D) morphology. However, due to the poor labeling quality and unavoidable optical noise present in the image stacks, 3-D morphologies are difficult to construct and are an impediment to the statistical analyses of cell structures. We propose a method called the “area and shape constraint method (ASCM)” for constructing 3-D morphology. Blurred 3-D morphologies constructed by common methods from image stacks considered as defective and which are commonly discarded are well restored by the ASCM. Seventy-four clinical blood samples and a series of standard fluorescent spheres are selected to evaluate the validity and precision of our proposed ASCM. Both the qualitative and quantitative results obtained by ASCM indicate the good performance of the method in constructing the cell’s 3-D morphology.
The alignment and collection of side-scattered light in scattering measurement on individual cells, based on hydraulic focusing technology, is always time-consuming and troublesome. Even small errors result in a poor SNR. This paper presents an optical system including a specially designed telecentric lens to focus stray light and scattering signals. The lens has a compact structure, small distortion and aberration, and large depth of focus. Thus scattering signals can be extracted easily and effectively, even when the spatial filters are out of focus or tilted with respect to the optical axis by human error. Also, the stray light in the side direction is analyzed, and the results show good performance of this special telecentric lens. Scattering results on 4.91- and 16.32-µm polystyrene beads verify that this optical system can be well applied for side-scattering signal detection.
Laser light scattering detection based on sheath flow technique are well established and routinely used
in a variety of fields, ranging from ecology to medicine. Normally the width of sheath flow chamber is
assumed as a constant, but the inaccuracy during manufacture changes the inter structure of sheath flow
chamber. So the sheath flow width deviates its designed value. In our research, a novel method is
applied to research sheath flow stability. The structure of sheath flow chamber in different positions is
firstly imaged by CCD camera. The values of sheath flow width in different positions can be gotten by
image processing technologies. According to chamber width values in different positions, principle
sheath width can be calculated to be compared with the measured values. Hence sheath flow stability in
different time and different positions can be detected. By this novel method, the real width of sheath
flow forming with specific velocity rate in different positions can be measured. So the best
measurement site for dynamic individual particles scattering can be selected.
Large aperture optics have been used more and more widely in modern optical system. But the testing of its surface
quality is very difficult. The circular sub-aperture stitching (CSAS) testing method can effectively extend the
interferometer's vertical dynamic range and enhance its lateral resolution, so it may be the best solution to the testing of
large aperture optics. Actually, the CSAS method can be viewed as a special workpiece localization problem. If the pose
data of all sub-apertures obtained are accurate enough, the sub-aperture data can be directly stitched together to create a
map of the full aperture. In this paper, a CSAS system will be introduced. Its motion mechanism has seven degrees of
freedom. This brings some trouble for obtaining the optics' accurate pose data along with the motion error's
accumulation. So a stereovision system is added. By exploiting appropriate scheme and algorithm, it can directly give
out the optics' accurate pose data. This provides an effective initial value for the stitching algorithm. Finally, a 150mm
flat and a 100mm convex sphere is tested using this method, and the experimental results is given to show the effect of
this method and the efficiency of the CSAS system.
KEYWORDS: Cameras, Calibration, Imaging systems, 3D metrology, Data fusion, Image processing, Error analysis, Control systems, Systems modeling, 3D modeling
With the rapid development of shape measurement technique,
multi-resolution approach becomes one of valid way to
enhance the accuracy. There are, however, still some key techniques such as simultaneous calibration and data fusion of
several sensors being further studied. A multi-resolution system, which use light sectioning method, is developed and has
been successful in many application areas for blade of aviation engine example. It can measure the shape of blade at high
speed and high accuracy. The system is composed of four laser linear light sources, four or five cameras and three highprecision
mechanical movement devices. Two cameras have relatively low amplifying ratios, and focus on the basin or
back of blade where the radius of curvature is large. Other cameras have high amplifying ratios, and fix on the entering
or ending edge of blade where the radius of curvature is small. So the system has 3600 measurement range and can carry
out multi-resolution 3-D shape measurement with greatly different amplifying ratios of cameras. One measurement
process has been finished when the blade mounted on mechanical movement device move up or down one time. Also the
model building and principle of the measurement system, an algorithm of calibration and data fusion of several cameras
are presented that calculate 3-D coordinates of one section of blade. The result shows that the accuracy of the system is
about 0.05mm for the sectional circumradius approximately 50 mm measurement range, and also proves the system is
feasible and efficient.
Dynamic cells scattering is one of the most efficient approaches exploring in measurements of cells size, morphology
and growth states. This technique can be widely applied in real-time detection for pharmaceutical industry, food
industry, liquor industry and other biological fields. A novel method named dynamic individual cells scattering
measurement is designed in this paper, which can make cells pass through quartz glass measurement zone one by one
with sheath flow driving force. During the experiments, an obvious phenomenon has been found which is called sheath
flow dark zone phenomenon (SFDZ). Under the influence of SFDZ, sheath flow forming detection becomes very
difficult. In this paper, the causes giving rise to SFDZ have been analyzed. And an improved method is put forward, in
which the orifice inside the measurement zone is set as an optical system. Then the illuminating system is redesigned. In
this way, almost all the illuminating light can enter orifice so that the total reflection energy decreases substantially. A
comparison experiments have been done, which proves the efficiency of this redesigned optical system and its sound
effects on SFDZ avoiding.
KEYWORDS: Thin films, Signal processing, Sensing systems, Spectrum analysis, Spectroscopy, Optical fibers, Beam splitters, Data processing, Ocean optics, Signal to noise ratio
In order to determine the properties of thin films with the required performance and reliability, a sensing system for
dynamic monitoring is proposed to measure the thickness of thin films. The system is based on the principle of
white-light interference, and is combination of spectrum analysis and optical fiber techniques. When two reflected lights
interfere within white-light coherent length range, relationship of between interference intensity and the wavelength of
incident light is achieved according to the equation of interference light's intensity. According to different thickness of
film, the relevant method is selected to calculate the thickness of thin film. So the interference can be analyzed in
spectral domain. The scheme of the system is set up including white-light source, multi-mode optical fiber, beam splitter,
spectrometer. With the help of optical fiber, the interference pattern is captured by spectrometer. When thickness of thin
film is varying, spectra curve will shift. The original spectra curve is processed in the computer. In order to determine
accurate extreme points, many methods of curve processing are used to decrease the noise. The spectra curve is
smoothed by signal processing method called empirical mode decomposition (EMD). This method is suitable for
non-linear and non-stationary data processing. The experimental data is contrast to the calibrated value. The results
show that the relative error of this method is lower 1%. This method has advantages over other measuring methods, such
as higher accuracy, low-cost instrument, extensive measurement range, simple structure and non-destructive.
Many methods for spectroscopy signal analysis have been employed to extract useful and correct signals from measured
data, such as Fourier analysis, wavelet analysis and so on. However, Fourier analysis is only suitable for stationary
signal processing. Although wavelet transform is capable of analyzing non-stationary signals, many deficiencies have
been reported in the use of wavelet transform. Non-adaptive nature is one of its disadvantages. Once the basic wavelet is
selected, one will have to use it to analyze all the data. And the number of levers that the signal will be decomposed into
must be decided by user and the frequency bands of all lever signals are fixed. Due to the deficiencies of wavelet
transform, Huang et al. proposed a new type of signal processing method called empirical mode decomposition (EMD),
with which any complicated data set can be decomposed into a finite and often small number of Intrinsic Mode
Functions (IMFs). This method is suitable for non-linear and non-stationary data processing and has advantages that
wavelet analysis has. In this paper EMD method is used in spectroscopy signal processing. And it is just in the infant
period for spectroscopy signal processing. In order to verify the rationality and feasibility of EMD, polystyrene thin film
is chosen as the testing sample. Its reflection interference spectroscopy is collected by the spectrometer made by Ocean
Optics Company. And then the EMD approach for processing the reflection interference spectrum of polystyrene film is
discussed. The sifting process in EMD can be stopped by predetermined criteria. And the number of IMF is selfadaptive.
For choosing suitable number of IMF, the variance standard has been selected in this paper, with which the
quality of the processing results can be optimized. Then the thickness of the polystyrene film can be calculated from the
extracted spectrum by EMD. Comparing the thickness with the calibrated value, the error is below 1%, which proved
that the proposed method is efficient and accurate in spectroscopy signal analysis.
An optical fiber biosensor is introduced herein, which could directly detect biological interaction such as immunoreactions of antigens and antibodies without destroy the biolayer. The test is based on the theory of multilayer-reflection principle in white-light interferometry. When immunoreactions occur, the reflected spectrum phase shifts. Immunoreactions could be detected by means of reflected spectrum phase shifting, or by biolayer thickness changing. Continuously detecting of thickness changing on a fractional nanometer scale with subsecond repetition times is allowed in this system. The detecting system has high sensitivity, high precision, high speed, cost effective and working on a high reliability. The bioprobe is easy integrated as a BlAcore. The system and the experimental results on the reaction of rabbit-IgG with anti-rabbit-IgG are described in this paper. A sandwich method was adopted in the experiments.
In the process of detecting thin film thickness with reflectometric interference spectroscopy (Rifs) methods, a phenomenon of "double peak" often appears in reflected spectrum, which seems like some adjacent peaks being connected very closely, and which is different from reflected spectrum as usual. Spectrum analysis and simulating are used to find why this occurs. It is found that this phenomenon is associated with the uneven surface of film, when uneven degree of film increases, "double peak" begin to appear. That is, when thickness value of detecting point changing, light was reflected at different thickness point of film, all these reflected spectrum are added to produce total reflected spectrum, and lead "double peak" to occur. "Double peaks" are easy to see when film thickness changes greatly. But simulating results also show the "double peak" won't affect detecting precision, because the wavelength position of extrema being same as usual position of reflected spectrum without "double peak". The reason is that the wavelength position of extrema is the only important thing to calculate film thickness, and the thickness being calculated through Rifs is the mean value of film. A series of simulating results are provided, as well as actual experimental result with "double peak" phenomenon. Simulating results of polymerized film show that the "double peak" occurs after thickness difference exceed 1/10. Other reasons that may lead to "double peak" phenomenon are also discussed in the paper.
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