This study focused on determining the past changes and predicting the future trends in eutrophication of the Bolgoda North lake, Sri Lanka using in situ Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) measurements and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer (ASTER) satellite data. This Lake is located in a mixed land use area with industries, some agricultural lands, middle income and high income housing, tourist hotels and low income housing. From March to October 2013, water samples from five sampling sites were collected once a month parallel to ASTER overpass and Chl-a, nitrate and phosphate contents of each sample were measured using standard laboratory methods. Cloud-free ASTER scenes over the lake during the 2000-2013 periods were acquired for Chl-a estimation and trend analysis. All ASTER images were atmospherically corrected using FLAASH software and in-situ Chl-a data were regressed with atmospherically corrected three ASTER VNIR band ratios of the same date. The regression equation of the band ratio and Chl-a content with the highest correlation, which was the green/red band ratio was used to develop algorithm for generation of 15-m resolution Chl-a distribution maps. According to the ASTER based Chl-a distribution maps it was evident that eutrophication of this lake has gradually increased from 2008-2011. Results also indicated that there had been significantly high eutrophic conditions throughout the year 2013 in several regions, especially in water stagnant areas and adjacent to freshwater outlets. Field observations showed that this lake is receiving various discharges from factories. Unplanned urbanization and inadequacy of proper facilities in the nearby industries for waste management have resulted in the eutrophication of the water body. If the present trends of waste disposal and unplanned urbanization continue, enormous environmental problems would be resulted in future. Results of the present study showed that information from satellite remote sensing can play a useful role in the development of time series Chl-a distribution maps. Such information is important for the future predictions, development and management of this area as well as in the conservation of this water body.
The suitability of a handheld spectrometer and ASTER satellite data for monitoring water quality in coastal waters of Sri
Lanka and inland waters of Japan was tested in November 2010 to March 2012. In-situ Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), turbidity,
total suspended solid, secchi depth and reflectance data were measured at ASTER overpass times in Negombo estuary,
Trincomalee bay, Puttalam and Chilaw lagoons, Sri Lanka, and in Lake Senba and Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. ASTER
based Chl-a retrieval algorithms were developed support with in-situ Chl-a and MODIS OC3 Chl-a. The original
MODIS Chl-a and the in-situ Chl-a were regressively analyzed for determination of a MODIS Chl-a correction equation
because it may overestimate in tropical coastal waters. Then, three ASTER VNIR band ratios were compared for
correlation with the corrected MODIS Chl-a and in-situ Chl-a. Finally, the regression equation of the ASTER band ratio,
B1/B2, with highest correlation was used for generation of high-resolution Chl-a distribution maps. Significant
correlation between the ratio of the reflectance peak at 705 nm and the Chl-a absorption at 678 nm and the in-situ Chl-a
content was observed and these reflectance ratios were used to establish spectrometric Chl-a estimation algorithms. The
proposed algorithms successfully determined localized environmental effects in the study areas. ASTER-based high
resolution Chl-a distribution maps will be derived more precisely by further correction of these algorithms, which will be
useful in mitigate impacts of the environment change in those coastal and inland water environments.
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