Thermographic nondestructive testing techniques have been receiving increasing attentions as one of the effective NDT
techniques, because of its non-contact, remote sensing, time-saving, and cost-saving vision techniques. However, the
defect detecting ability of this technique basically depends on environmental condition such as surrounding temperature,
initial temperature of inspection target, emissivity and so on. Most of thermographic NDT engineers have been
concerned about this problem, also. This paper proposes two reference specimens, aluminum alloy and stainless steel for
evaluating detecting ability of photothermal thermography nondestructive inspection system. This paper will improve on
the reliability of thermographic NDT technique.
In ultrasound excitation thermography, the injected ultrasound to an object is transformed to heat by thermo-structure
effect and internal friction. The advantage of this technique is selectively sensitive to thermally active defects. The
appearance of defects, which can be visualized by thermography camera, depends strongly on the method of excitation.
In preliminary studies, ultrasonic excitation horns of ultrasonic manufacturing process are widely adopted for a polymer
structure. However, it is needed that these horns are modified for improving the defect detection capability. This paper
proposes a new ultrasonic excitation horns with tuning fork shape in NDT of wood material. Geometric conditions are
optimized by FEA and application results by the developed horn are described and compared with those by a previous
horn.
Structural components subjected to high frequency vibrations, such as those used in vibrating parts of gas turbine
engines, are usually required to avoid resonance frequencies. Although the operating frequency is designed at more than
resonance frequencies, the structure, when a vibrating structure starts or stops, has to pass through a resonance
frequency, which results in large stress concentration. This paper applies thermography to analyze transient stress
variation of a circular holed plate. In experiment, the finite element modal (FEM) analysis of the specimen was
performed and the surface temperature measured by infrared camera is calculated to the stress of the nearby hole, based
on thermoelastic equation. Stress distributions between 2nd and 3rd vibration mode are investigated with thermography
and also dynamic stress concentration factors according to the change of vibration amplitude are estimated at resonance
frequency.
The paper proposes an evaluation technique for the elastic modulus of a cantilever beam by vibration analysis based on time average electronic speckle pattern interferometry (TA-ESPI) and Euler-Bernoulli equation. General approaches for the measurement of elastic modulus of a thin film are the Nano indentation test, Buldge test, Micro-tensile test, and so on. They each have strength and weakness in the preparation of the test specimen and the analysis of experimental results. ESPI is a type of laser speckle interferometry technique offering non-contact, high-resolution and whole-field measurement. The technique is a common measurement method for vibration mode visualization and surface displacement. Whole-field vibration mode shape (surface displacement distribution) at resonance frequency can be visualized by ESPI. And the maximum surface displacement distribution from ESPI can be used to find the resonance frequency for each vibration mode shape. And the elastic modules of a test material can be easily estimated from the measured resonance frequency and Euler-Bernoulli equation. The TA-ESPI vibration analysis technique can be used to find the elastic modulus of a material requiring simple preparation process and analysis.
In order to do continuous health monitoring of large structures, it is necessary that the distributed sensing of strain and temperature of the structures are to be measured. So, we present the strain and temperature measurement distributed on a beam using fiber optic BOTDA(Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis) sensor. Fiber optic BOTDA sensor has good performance of strain measurement. However, the signal of fiber optic BOTDA sensor is influenced by strain and temperature. Therefore, we applied an optical fiber on the beam as follows: one part of the fiber, which is sensitive the strain and the temperature, is bonded on the surface of the beam and another part of the fiber, which is only sensitive to the temperature, is located at the same position of the strain sensing fiber. Therefore, the strains can be determined from the strain sensing fiber with compensating the temperature from the temperature sensing fiber. These measured strains were compared with the strains from electrical strain gages. After temperature compensation, it was concluded that the strains from fiber optic BOTDA sensor had good agreements with those values of the conventional strain gages.
Many civil and infrastructures continue to be used despite aging and the associated potential for damage accumulation. Therefore, the ability to monitor the health of these systems is becoming increasingly important. The purpose of this paper is to propose a real-time health monitoring system of cable-stayed bridge and building, based-on non-destructive measurement. And also this paper focuses on the safety assessment for bridge from health monitoring system to accomplish this safety assessment. Using the proposed health monitoring system, it helps structure maintenance and reduces the economic cost of a life-cycle costs. Also it give important data to develop the design and analysis method for cable-stayed bridges and buildings.
We have focused on the development of a fiber optic BOTDA (Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis) sensor system in order to measure temperature distributed on large structures. Also, we present a feasibility study of the fiber optic sensor to monitor the distributed temperature on a building construction. A fiber optic BOTDA sensor system, which has a capability of measuring the temperature distribution, attempted over several kilometers of long fiber paths. This simple fiber optic sensor system employs a laser diode and two electro-optic modulators. The optical fiber of the length of 1400 m was installed on the surfaces of the building. The change of the distributed temperature on the building construction was well measured by this fiber optic sensor. The temperature changed normally up to 4 degrees C through one day.
KEYWORDS: Curium, Charge-coupled devices, Calibration, 3D acquisition, 3D metrology, Structural dynamics, CCD cameras, 3D image processing, Control systems, Sensors
The CCD measuring technique is effectively applicable to structures which are not physically accessible or contain the radioactive waste material or other harmful materials to man. Unlike other measuring systems with numerous sensors attached to the structure, it simplifies the complicated problems in transferring the signal and thereby makes it possible to work more effectively. Such a non-contact type of CCD measuring technique is suggested to measure some structural characteristics of civil infrastructures. Calibration of this system is performed based on the DLT theory. And based on the calibration, 3D coordinates for changing displacement of a structure are measured. This measuring system also compares the result of trigonometrical leveling in terms of its exactitude.
Fiber optic TR-EFPI (total reflected extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric) sensor is developed to measure the strain of structures, such as building, bridge, aircraft, etc. It has been difficult to distinguish the increase and decrease of the strain from the conventional fiber optic EFPI sensor because their signals only have a sinusoidal wave pattern related to the change of strain. In this study, in order to measure the magnitude and the direction of strain, the fiber optic sensor is simply constructed with the total reflected EFPI sensor probe and the digital signal processing.
The damage detection system of a real steel truss bridge was developed to identify the location and severity of the damaged members. At first, the loading test was performed to characterize the real bridge. The real steel truss bridge was measured by electrical strain gages and accelerometers when the train passed. The measured strains and acceleration were used to refine the stiffness and the mass of the finite element model. The damage scenario, that can be happened in the real situation, was simulated by the refined finite element model. The damage localization was implemented to classify the damaged part in the bridge by the neural networks. The neural network was constructed as two steps: at 1st step, the half-span, which had some damages occurred, was found, and at 2nd step, the severest abnormal part in the total 8 parts of the real bridge was detected. The learned neural network was verified by the used data.
A digital signal processing algorithm, Kwon's method, was developed for strain measurement by a passive quadrature demodulated fiber optic Michelson interferometric sensor. The fiber optic Michelson sensor, which is constructed of a 3 by 3 fiber optic coupler, can give the information about the magnitude and direction of the strain of structures. The beating, drifting, and noise, which are caused by the longitudinal strain and the lateral strain of the fiber, bring about the counting error of the phase differences. Kwon's algorithm is based on the reference line crossing count method and resets the reference line during the presence of the signal drifting. The accuracy of the strain calculation was confirmed by the various simulated fiber optic signals with signal beating, drifting and noise. A passive quadrature demodulated 3 by 3 fiber optic Michelson interferometric sensor was bonded on the cantilevered aluminum beam to experiment the strain sensing. The capability of the real-time processing was verified by the real fiber optic signals.
The quadrature phase-shifted 3x3 fiber optic Michelson sensors were tried to monitor the health status of a steel truss bridge which was scaled down to 1/15 of the real bridge for the laboratory experiments. The fiber optic sensors and electrical strain gages were bonded on the surface of some frames to sense the strain pattern induced by the abnormal structural behavior. The fiber optic signals were immediately processed by personal computer for the strain determination. In order to confirm the strain sensitivity of the fiber optic sensors, these fiber optic strains were compared with the strains of the strain gages. The static behavior of the bridge was analyzed by finite element analysis with SAP2000. These finite element analysis results were compared with the structural strain pattern obtained by the electrical strain gages and were arranged with the database for the determination of the bridge health condition. It was shown that the breakage of some frames could be detected from the changes in strain pattern.
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