Environmental remote sensing systems, currently being developed, carry multiple remote sensing sensors on a single
spacecraft platform, producing dozens of weather data products with hundreds of attributes in quasi-real time. In this
paper we present a capability to simulate the various components of such a system in order to predict the quality of the
data products, as well as assess the impact of changing design parameters on the accuracy of the weather data. Such a
detailed simulation tool is essential to systems producing scientific data products whether it is remote sensing of weather
products or chemical and biological products. It is valuable during the design phase to ensure the system design
produces the expected performance, during the verification phase to ensure the system as built will meet the specified
performance, and during on-orbit calibration and validation phase to validate the performance of the deployed system.
The tri-agency Integrated Program Office (IPO) is managing the development of the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS). Later this decade, the IPO, through its prime contractor, Northrop Grumman Space Technology (NGST), will launch NPOESS spacecraft into three orbital planes (1330, 1730, and 2130 equatorial ascending nodal crossing times) to provide global coverage with a data refresh rate of approximately four hours. A globally distributed ground system will deliver 95 percent of the data within 26 minutes from the time of on-orbit collection. With the development of NPOESS, we are evolving the existing “weather” satellites into integrated environmental observing systems. To meet user-validated requirements, NPOESS will deliver global data for 55 Environmental Data Records (EDRs). Performance characteristics and attributes have been defined for each of the 55 parameters, including: horizontal/vertical resolution; mapping accuracy; measurement range; measurement precision and uncertainty; refresh rate; data latency; and geographic coverage. Long-term stability requirements have been defined for key parameters to ensure temporal consistency and continuity of data over the operational life of NPOESS. The actual EDR performances will be a result of the sensor and algorithm performances. In order for NPOESS program to determine estimates of EDR performance based on current design data and to assess potential sensor design changes or algorithm modifications, NGST developed an Integrated Weather Products Test Bed (IWPTB). This system can generate simulated radiances from mission/orbit variable, sensor variables, atmospheric and background conditions, and radiative transfer models. These simulated radiances at aperture are used with sensor models and spacecraft factors to generate simulated radiometric temperatures which are processed by science retrieval code to generate EDRs. This paper presents an assessment of the impact of the VIIRS sensor design modification to correct Modulated Instrument Background in the sensor’s optical train. This assessment, which focuses on the Sea Surface Temperature EDR in particular, was generated by the IWPTB end-to-end performance assessment capability.
Philip Moffa, Larry Yujiri, Hiroshi Agravante, Giovanni De Amici, David Dixon, Steven Fornaca, Charles Jackson, Talbot Jaeger, Karen Jordan, Randolph Quon, Kent Rasmussen, Thomas Samec, Merit Shoucri
TRW has developed a new passive millimeter wave camera for the Navy using its unique Millimeter Wave Monolithic Integrated Circuit (MMIC) technology. It operates as a pushbroom or scanning imager and can be utilized for missions that do not require as rapid a frame rate as in video-rate imagery. It is designed as a large-aperture, wide-field-of-view camera. Its focal plane consists of two rows of MMIC-based direct detection receivers and provides full sampling of the imaged scene.
TRW has recently developed InP low noise amplifiers operating at 140 GHz. Similar to the evolution of 94 GHz GaAs technology, this lays the foundation for the development of a 140 GHz MMIC receiver for use in a next generation passive millimeter-wave video camera capable of generating a real time display of the imaged scene. The advantages of going to 140 GHz, and the use of InP technology, will be discussed.
Larry Yujiri, Hiroshi Agravante, Steven Fornaca, Bruce Hauss, Ronald Johnson, Roger Kuroda, Bill Quon, Arlen Rowe, Thomas Samec, Merit Shoucri, Karen Yokoyama
A passive millimeter-wave (PMMW) camera capable of generating a real time display of the imaged scene, similar to video cameras, has been developed at TRW and is undergoing field testing. The camera operates at 89 GHz, acquiring images at a frame rate of 17 Hz. This work reports on the video imaging generated by the camera. This research is carried out under the Passive Millimeter-Wave Camera Consortium, a cost-shared program between the Defense Advanced Research Programs Agency and an industrial consortium that includes Honeywell, McDonnell Douglas and TRW. It is managed for the Department of Defense by NASA-LaRC.
Passive Millimeter Wave (PMMW) imaging technology offers significant safety benefits to world aviation. Made possible by recent technological breakthroughs, PMMW imaging sensors provide visual-like images of objects under low visibility conditions (e.g., fog, clouds, snow, sandstorms, and smoke) which blind visual and infrared sensors. TRW has developed an advanced, demonstrator version of a PMMW imaging camera that, when front-mounted on an aircraft, gives images of the forward scene at a rate and quality sufficient to enhance aircrew vision and situational awareness under low visibility conditions. Potential aviation uses for a PMMW camera are numerous and include: (1) Enhanced vision for autonomous take- off, landing, and surface operations in Category III weather on Category I and non-precision runways; (2) Enhanced situational awareness during initial and final approach, including Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) mitigation; (3) Ground traffic control in low visibility; (4) Enhanced airport security. TRW leads a consortium which began flight tests with the demonstration PMMW camera in September 1997. Flight testing will continue in 1998. We discuss the characteristics of PMMW images, the current state of the technology, the integration of the camera with other flight avionics to form an enhanced vision system, and other aviation applications.
Extending earlier successful radiometric detection of both metal and plastic mines, both buried and unburied at 44 and 12 GHz, a lower frequency radiometer was tested to determine its effectiveness under soil conditions of higher water content. In addition, the ability to generate 2D images was evaluated using a novel image processing technique, and the results were compared to model predictions.
A passive millimeter wave (PMMW) camera capable of generating real time displays of the imaged scene, similar to video cameras, has been developed at TRW over the past two years. The camera operates at 89 GHz, has a 15 degree(s) X 10 degree(s) field-of-view, an aperture of 18' diameter, and displays the acquired image at a frame rate of 17 Hz. A major enabling technology is the focal plane array of direct detection MMIC receivers which enables this camera to be reliable and low cost, in addition to providing it with unique operational features. A state-of-the-art W-band passive millimeter wave FPA consisting of 1040 highly integrated direct detection MMIC pixels capable of generating real time images has been developed. We will discuss the assembly and test of high performing, high frequency GaAs MMIC chips in high volume and at low cost. This work reports on progress achieved to date in the development and manufacturing of this new sensor technology.
Larry Yujiri, Hiroshi Agravante, Mike Biedenbender, G. Samuel Dow, Martin Flannery, Steven Fornaca, Bruce Hauss, Ronald Johnson, Roger Kuroda, Karen Jordan, Paul Lee, Dennis Lo, Bill Quon, Arlen Rowe, Thomas Samec, Merit Shoucri, Karen Yokoyama, John Yun
A passive millimeter-wave camera capable of generating real time displays of the imaged scene, similar to video cameras, has been under development at TRW over the past two years. The camera operates at 89 GHz, has a 15 degree(s) X 10 degree(s) field-of-view, an aperture of 18' diameter, and displays the acquired image at a frame rate of 17 Hz. A major enabling technology is the focal plane array of direct detection MMIC receivers which guarantees reliable and low cost manufacturing of this camera, in addition to providing it with unique operational features. This work reports on progress achieved to date in the development and manufacturing of this new sensor technology.
In a continuing effort to develop new sensor technologies for the detection of land mines and other UXO, a variety of plastic and metal mines were acquired for detection tests utilizing a passive millimeter wave sensor at 44 GHz and at 12 GHz. These inert mines were surface- laid, covered with dry leaves, or buried in sand or soil, and the resulting target scene was scanned from an overhead position using the single channel sensor, generating a 2D image of the minefield.
Passive millimeter wave (PMMW) sensors have been proposed as forward vision sensors for enhanced vision systems used in low visibility aircraft landing. This work reports on progress achieved to date in the development and manufacturing of a demonstration PMMW camera. The unit is designed to be ground and flight tested starting 1996. The camera displays on a head-up or head-down display unit a real time true image of the forward scene. With appropriate head-up symbology and accurate navigation guidance provided by global positioning satellite receivers on-board the aircraft, pilots can autonomously (without ground assist) execute category 3 low visibility take-offs and landings on non-equipped runways. We shall discuss utility of fielding these systems to airlines and other users.
Passive millimeter wave (PMMW) imaging sensor technology has made significant advances in recent years to permit the development of manufacturable cameras which can be economically produced. In addition to its operation in adverse weather, the PMMW camera is non-emitting which makes it suitable for both military and civilian applications. For example, aircraft executing autonomous landing using GPS, need an all weather, real time, true image of the forward scene during the touch-down, roll-out, turn-off and taxi maneuvers. The PMMW camera not only provides such an image, but is easily implementable as a sensor for the pilot, and as a system which operates in an airport environment. We shall address these issues and discuss other applications of this new sensor technology.
The detection of land mines and other ordnance on the battlefield has grown in importance with their increased use, not only for military personnel, but for civilians after hostilities have ceased. The need for new approaches and sensors to increase the speed and efficiency of methods to clear mines is an issue that must be addressed. A method to detect metal mines, on top of or buried under dry sand, is demonstrated using the passive detection of naturally occurring millimeter wave radiation (at 44 GHz) emanating from the scene. Measurements will be shown that indicate the feasibility of detection of metal under at least 3 inches of dry sand.
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