Amblyopia is a form of visual impairment caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus) or defocus in an otherwise healthy eye. If detected early, the condition can be fully treated, yet over half of all children with amblyopia under age 5 escape detection. We developed a Pediatric Vision Screener (PVS) to detect amblyopia risk factors. This instrument produces a binocularity score to indicate alignment and a focus score to indicate focus. The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of the PVS by testing adults who were fully cooperative for testing. The study group includes 40 subjects (20 controls, 20 patients) aged 22 to 79 years. 12 patients had constant strabismus (8 to 50), and eight had variable strabismus (12 to 55). All controls had binocularity scores >50%. Binocularity was <50% in 11/12 patients. The patient with binocularity >50% had a well-controlled intermittent exotropia and was not at risk for amblyopia. Focus scores were highly sensitive for good focus but not specific. The PVS shows high sensitivity and specificity for detection of strabismus in adults. Future studies will determine whether this performance can be achieved in preschool children, who are at greatest risk for vision loss.
KEYWORDS: Eye, Sensors, Signal detection, Polarization, Control systems, Mirrors, Birefringence, Semiconductor lasers, Data acquisition, Photodetectors
We develop the Pediatric Vision Screener (PVS) to automatically detect ocular misalignment (strabismus) and defocus in human subjects. The PVS utilizes binocular retinal birefringence scanning to determine when both eyes are aligned, with a theoretical accuracy of <1 deg. The device employs an autoconjugate, bull's-eye detector-based system to detect focus. The focus and alignment pathways are separated by both wavelength and data acquisition timing. Binocular focus and alignment are detected in rapid alternating sequence, measuring both parameters in both eyes in <0.5 sec. In this work, the theory and design of the PVS are described in detail. With objective, automated measurement of both alignment and focus, the PVS represents a new approach to screening children for treatable eye disease such as amblyopia.
We present the absorption and emission properties of the phenylene-based copolymers, poly(pyridyl vinylene-phenylene vinylene) (PPyVPV), poly(thienylene p-phenylene) (PTpP) and poly(dithienylene p-phenylene) (PDTpP), which incorporate `straps' to bridge the 2 and 5 positions of the phenyl rings. The absorption and luminescence properties of the PPyVPV polymers are morphology dependent. The absorption maxima are at approximately 3.0 eV, with films having absorption edges that tail into the IR. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra are red shifted for films compared to solutions and powders, with the presence of smaller red shifted photoluminescence for the PPyVPV polymers with straps. A low lying absorption maximum occurs at 2.7 eV for both solution and film forms of PTpP. The (PL) spectra also are similar with features at 2.1 eV and 2.3 eV assigned to the 0-1 and 0-0 vibronic transitions, respectively. Solution and film photoluminescence excitation (PLE) profiles qualitatively follow the absorption spectra. Two low energy absorption maxima are seen for PDTpP at 2.8 eV and 3.2 eV with a single feature observed at 2.3 eV for the PL. The PLE spectra in PDTpP also follow the corresponding absorption features in both solution and film samples. Time resolved PL studies (ps to ns) show that there is smaller spectral shift for the films of polymers with straps, showing the importance of reduced aggregation. Steady state photoinduced absorption studies (ms) indicate the roles of both polarons and triplet excitons in these systems.
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