Concrete delaminations are commonly-found defects in bridge decks and rigid pavements. While previous studies reported that ground-penetrating radar (GPR) could visualize those defects in many instances, it is still unclear about the factors that may affect such an application. For this reason, this study aimed to develop an understanding of the factors that influence the detectability of concrete delamination in GPR images/signals. Concerning the methodology, the study was conducted using both synthetic data generated from a GPR simulation program, and real data collected on a concrete bridge deck specimen. The analysis of such image data indicated the following. First, there is always some energy reflected from concrete delamination. However, its shape and strength are affected by the thickness of the delamination, the material (air or water) within it, and the peak (most energetic) frequency of the emitted signal. Second, the depth of delamination and its position relative to reinforcing steel bars might impact its visibility in GPR images.
Significant advances were made in recent years in nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technologies’ efficiency for detecting and characterizing deterioration in bridge decks, including advances in automation of NDE data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Those advances enable more extensive and more frequently implemented data collection that will lead to a more objective description of the current condition and a more precise prediction of the progression of deterioration. Also, complementary use of multiple NDE technologies may assist in the identification of likely causes of deterioration. As such, the NDE data are becoming essential for the effective and economic management of bridges, concrete bridge decks in particular. Still, to develop NDE based deterioration and predictive models on both project and network levels, data from multiple surveys over a more extended period are lacking. It has also been shown that the bridge deck performance varies widely, even between bridges that are very close in age and that have similar traffic loads, designs, and climate conditions. It indicates that deterioration processes, since they are a result of multiple inputs and actions, are inherently complex. Therefore, other influences require an examination to provide complete answers regarding disparate bridge deck performance. Complementary use of NDE, structural health monitoring (SHM), and other technologies for local and global assessment of bridges opens opportunities for providing answers to the development of realistic deterioration models and comprehensive evaluation of factors influencing concrete bridge deck performance. The paper concentrates on the discussion of merging of the technologies in the achievement of two specific objectives: assessment of the influence of bridge superstructure on the deck performance using large mobile shakers, and the use of accelerated structural testing for fast and comprehensive development of an understanding of deterioration processes in concrete bridge decks.
KEYWORDS: Nondestructive evaluation, Bridges, Corrosion, Acoustics, Ground penetrating radar, General packet radio service, Data modeling, Signal attenuation, Robotics, Inspection
Reinforced concrete decks are in most cases the fastest deteriorating components of a bridge due to the multitude of influencing factors: direct traffic loading and environmental effects, maintenance activities (salting), etc. Among many deterioration types, corrosion-induced deterioration is the most common problem in reinforced concrete decks. The study concentrates on the condition assessment of bridge decks using complementary NDE techniques. The assessment has three main components: assessment of corrosive environment and corrosion processes, and assessment with respect to the deck delamination. The study concentrates on a complementary use of five NDE techniques: impact echo (IE) to detect and characterize delamination, ground penetrating radar (GPR) to describe the corrosive environment and detect delamination, and electrical resistivity (ER) to estimate the corrosion rate by measuring concrete resistivity. The ability of the NDE methods to objectively characterize deterioration progression is illustrated by the results from NDE surveys of 10 bridges of different ages in New Jersey during a period of one year. The deterioration progression is illustrated by condition maps and condition indices. As demonstrated in the paper, multiple deterioration models are developed utilizing the proposed methodology, which shows high potential for development of more realistic deterioration and life cycle cost models for bridge decks.
KEYWORDS: Bridges, Nondestructive evaluation, Robotics, Robotic systems, General packet radio service, Global Positioning System, Inspection, Corrosion, Cameras, Data fusion
More economical management of bridges can be achieved through early problem detection and mitigation. The paper describes development and implementation of two fully automated (robotic) systems for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and minimally invasive rehabilitation of concrete bridge decks. The NDE system named RABIT was developed with the support from Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). It implements multiple NDE technologies, namely: electrical resistivity (ER), impact echo (IE), ground-penetrating radar (GPR), and ultrasonic surface waves (USW). In addition, the system utilizes advanced vision to substitute traditional visual inspection. The RABIT system collects data at significantly higher speeds than it is done using traditional NDE equipment. The associated platform for the enhanced interpretation of condition assessment in concrete bridge decks utilizes data integration, fusion, and deterioration and defect visualization. The interpretation and visualization platform specifically addresses data integration and fusion from the four NDE technologies. The data visualization platform facilitates an intuitive presentation of the main deterioration due to: corrosion, delamination, and concrete degradation, by integrating NDE survey results and high resolution deck surface imaging. The rehabilitation robotic system was developed with the support from National Institute of Standards and Technology-Technology Innovation Program (NIST-TIP). The system utilizes advanced robotics and novel materials to repair problems in concrete decks, primarily early stage delamination and internal cracking, using a minimally invasive approach. Since both systems use global positioning systems for navigation, some of the current efforts concentrate on their coordination for the most effective joint evaluation and rehabilitation.
The main objective of this study is to develop a prototype air-coupled ultrasonic system (ACUS) for simultaneous data collection of impact-echo tests and surface wave measurements in concrete bridge decks. The ACUS includes two hexagonal air-coupled sensor arrays, each of which includes a solenoid-driven impact source at the center and six air-coupled sensors (ACSs) with parabolic acoustic reflectors (PARs) at vertices of a hexagon. The developed ACUS will be used as a part of an automated nondestructive evaluation and rehabilitation system (ANDERS) for concrete bridge deck inspection. First, a prototype hexagonal ACS array with PARs was developed in laboratory, and the prototype ACUS was built by combining the two hexagonal ACSs in a row. Second, an advanced data interpretation and visualization algorithm for the ACUS was developed for presenting the resulting data from individual test method, and data fusion of the two methods. Third, acoustic scanning was conducted using the developed ACUS over a simulated concrete bridge deck having various artificial defects (delaminations, surface-breaking cracks, segregated aggregates, partially grouted tendon ducts, and accelerated corrosion test regions). The results were visualized as several defect maps (i.e., frequency map and energy map from the IE testing, and velocity and transmission map from the surface wave measurements). In addition, the images from the two different test methods were combined by using a proposed fusion algorithm. It will be demonstrated that the ACUS is very effective for improving speed of data collection, and that the innovative fusion algorithm enables more accurate data interpretation.
The Automated Nondestructive Evaluation and Rehabilitation System (ANDERS) aims to provide a uniquely comprehensive tool that will transform the manner in which bridge decks are assessed and rehabilitated. It is going to be achieved through: 1) much higher evaluation detail and comprehensiveness of detection at an early stage deterioration, 2) comprehensive condition and structural assessment at all stages of deterioration, and 3) integrated assessment and rehabilitation that will be minimally invasive, rapid and cost effective. ANDERS is composed of three physical systems that merge novel NDE technologies together with novel intervention approaches to arrest the deterioration processes. These technologies are incorporated within a series of human-operated and robotic vehicles to allow rapid, comprehensive application across large populations of bridges. To perform assessments, ANDERS is equipped with two complimentary nondestructive approaches. The first, Multi-Modal Nondestructive Evaluation (MM-NDE) System aims to identify and characterize localized deterioration with a high degree of resolution. The second, global structural assessment system named STAR aims to capture global structural characteristics and identify any appreciable effects of deterioration on a bridge structure. Output from these two approaches will be merged through a novel Automated Structural Identification (Auto St-Id) approach that constructs, calibrates, and utilizes simulation models to assess the overall structural vulnerability and capacity. These two systems comprise the assessment suite of ANDERS and directly inform the Nondestructive Rehabilitation (NDR) System. The NDR System leverages robotics for the precision and rapid delivery of novel materials capable of halting the early-stage deterioration identified. The paper covers the details of the three ANDERS components developed through the support from National Institute of Standards and Technology-Technology Innovation Program (NIST-TIP). Specifically, the paper will provide a description of the components, their principle of operation and applications, and describe how the components work together.
KEYWORDS: Bridges, Inspection, Nondestructive evaluation, General packet radio service, Fourier transforms, Composites, Robotics, Signal attenuation, Data mining, Analytical research
The information presented in this report provides a detailed assessment of the condition of the Arlington Memorial Bridge (AMB) deck. The field-data collection was obtained by both the RABIT™ Bridge Inspection Tool and a number of semi-automated non-destructive evaluation (NDE) tools. The deployment of the semi-automated NDE tools was performed to inspect the AMB deck condition and also to validate data obtained by the RABIT™ Bridge Inspection Tool. Data mining and analysis were accomplished through enhanced data interpretation and visualization capabilities using advanced data integration, fusion, and 2D rendering. One of the major challenges that the research team had to overcome in assessing the condition of the AMB deck was the presence of an asphalt overlay on the entire bridge deck.
Cracks on a bridge deck should be ideally detected at an early stage in order to prevent further damage. To ensure
safety, it is necessary to inspect the quality of concrete decks at regular intervals. Conventional methods usually
include manual inspection of concrete surfaces to determine defects. Though very effective, these methods are
time-inefficient. This paper presents the use of computer-vision techniques in detection and analysis of cracks
on a bridge deck. High quality images of concrete surfaces are captured and subsequently analyzed to build
an automated crack classification system. After feature extraction using the training set images, statistical
inference algorithms are employed to identify cracks. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed
crack observation and classification system.
The objectives of this study were to investigate interaction of a parabolic acoustic reflector with leaky stress waves in
air-coupled IE testing, and to develop an optimal geometry of the acoustic reflector. The resulting acoustic reflector will
be used as a part of an air-coupled impact-echo device for delamination detection in concrete bridge decks. The study
was conducted on a series of 2D finite element (FE) models. The models included both solid concrete plate and air
domains. The models were developed to investigate interaction of leaky stress waves (in particular, S1 resonance mode
in Lamb waves) with a parabolic reflector. A series of parametric studies was conducted to determine the optimal
geometry of parabolic reflectors (cylinders). The main variables were the rim angle and the width of the reflectors, and
location of air-coupled sensors. Furthermore, numerical simulations using 2D FE models, including delamination defects
in concrete decks, were conducted to verify the optimal parabolic reflector is effective in enhancing the amplitude of S1
resonance modes in Lamb waves corresponding to the various depths of delamination defects. Finally, the results clearly
demonstrate that the optimal parabolic domes can significantly improve signal-to-noise ratio in the air-coupled IE
measurements. This will increase the feasibility of air-coupled sensing in actual impact echo testing on concrete bridge
decks.
The Automated Nondestructive Evaluation and Rehabilitation System (ANDERS) aims to provide a uniquely
comprehensive tool that will transform the manner in which bridge decks are assessed and rehabilitated. It is going to be
achieved through: 1) much higher evaluation detail and comprehensiveness of detection at an early stage deterioration,
2) comprehensive condition and structural assessment at all stages of deterioration, and 3) integrated assessment and
rehabilitation that will be minimally invasive, rapid and cost effective. ANDERS is composed of four systems. that
merge novel imaging and NDE techniques, together with novel intervention approaches to arrest the deterioration
processes. These technologies are incorporated within a series of human-operated and robotic vehicles. To perform
assessments, ANDERS will be equipped with two complimentary nondestructive approaches. The first, Multi-Modal
Nondestructive Evaluation (MM-NDE) System aims to identify and characterize localized deterioration with a high
degree of resolution. The second, Global Structural Assessment (GSA) System aims to capture global structural
characteristics and identify any appreciable effects of deterioration on a bridge structure. Output from these two
approaches will be merged through a novel Automated Structural Identification (Auto St-Id) approach that will
construct, calibrate, and utilize simulation models to assess overall structural vulnerability and capacity. These three
systems comprise the assessment suite of ANDERS and will directly inform the Nondestructive Rehabilitation (NDR)
System. The NDR System leverages robotics for the precision and rapid delivery of novel materials capable of halting
the early-stage deterioration identified.
Corrosion induced bridge deck delamination is a common problem in reinforced concrete decks. While condition
assessment can be done using a number of traditional and NDE methods, the presented study concentrates on a
complementary use of five NDE techniques: impact echo (IE), ground penetrating radar (GPR), half-cell potential (H-C),
ultrasonic surface waves (USW) and electrical resistivity (ER). Each of the five techniques has its advantages and
limitations. However, each of them can contribute to a more comprehensive assessment of the condition of a deck. For
example, GPR can identify deteriorated bridge deck areas, while IE can accurately detect and characterize delaminations
in the deck. USW, on the other hand, provides information about material degradation through a measurement of
concrete elastic moduli. Finally, H-C will provide information about the likelihood for active corrosion, while ER will
assess potential for corrosive environment. There are also secondary benefits of the use of the five techniques, like e.g.
mapping of concrete cover from GPR surveys. A brief overview of the techniques and their complementary use illustrated by the results from deck testing on several bridges is presented. The presented surveys were conducted on both decks (typical thickness 7 to 9 inches) and slabs (typical thickness 14-20 inches), some with an additional PC overlay. Results include delamination maps from IE, attenuation maps from GPR, modulus distribution maps from USW, H-C potential maps, and resistivity maps from ER. Some of the results are validated through a series of "ground truth" measurements, like inspection of cores taken from the decks.
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