Terahertz applications have been extensively studied during the last decade since they allow not only increasing the bandwidth of telecom systems but also the detection of many organic molecules in solid and liquid phase, including hazardous materials such as explosives. In this contribution, we present a device that allows generating frequencies in the Terahertz domain through the heterodyning of signals emitted by two distributed feedback lasers made by ion exchange on a erbium-ytterbium co-doped glass. Thanks to the intrinsic thermal stability of the glass substrate, the slow dynamic of the amplifier medium and since the laser pairs are integrated on a single chip and identically pumped by the same sources, stable frequencies have been generated in the millimeter and sub-Terahertz frequency range, without any thermal or electrical control loop being implemented.
Optical cooling in Yb-doped silica fibers using anti-Stokes fluorescence has become a subject of great interest in the fiber laser community. This paper provides an update on the development of silica fibers designed specifically to enhance their cooling properties. This growing list includes a new, nearly single-mode fiber with a borophosphosilicate core that produced –65 mK of cooling with only 260 mW of 1040-nm pump power. The silica compositions that have now been successfully cooled at atmospheric pressure by anti-Stokes fluorescence by our team include aluminosilicate, aluminofluorosilicate, borophosphosilicate, and aluminosilicate doped with one of three different alkali-earth nanoparticles (Ba, Sr, and Ca). By fitting the measured temperature dependence of the cooled fiber on pump power, two key parameters that control the degree of cooling are inferred, namely the critical quenching concentration and the absorptive loss due to impurities. The inferred values compiled for the fibers that cooled indicate that the extracted heat is highest when the Yb concentration is 2 wt.% or more (to maximize heat extraction), the Al concentration is ~0.8 wt.% or greater (to reduce quenching), and the absorptive loss is below approximately 15 dB/km, and ideally below 5 dB/km (to minimize heating due to pump absorption). Only two of the reported fibers, an LaF3-doped and an LuF3-doped nanoparticle fiber, did not cool, because their Yb and Al concentrations were not sufficiently high. This analysis shows that through careful composition control (especially the Al and Yb concentrations) and minimization of the OH contamination, a new generation of Yb-doped silica fibers is emerging with higher Yb concentrations, greater resistance to quenching, and lower residual loss than commercial Yb-doped fibers. They can be expected to have a significant impact not only on optically cooled devices but also on a much broader range of fiber lasers and amplifiers.
The recent reports of laser cooling in Yb-doped aluminosilicate fibers and silica preforms have opened up the field of optical refrigeration and radiation-balanced lasers to the enormous realm of silica fiber lasers and amplifiers. To increase the cooling efficiency achieved in these materials, it is critical to identify host compositions that improve the Yb3+-ion properties in the directions of low concentration quenching, short radiative lifetime, and a long-wavelength absorption tail that extends as far as possible above the zero-phonon line. In this on-going quest, nanoparticle-doped fibers offer a promising technique to modify the chemical environment of the Yb3+ ions and achieve some of these properties. In this work, three fibers in which the Yb3+ ions are initially encapsulated in CaF2, SrF2, or BaF2 nanoparticles were fabricated using a solution-doping technique, and their laser-cooling properties evaluated experimentally and analyzed. The CaF2 fiber and the SrF2 fiber were successfully cooled at atmospheric pressure when pumped with a continuous-wave laser at the near-optimum wavelength of 1040 nm. The measured maximum temperature change from room temperature was -26.2 mK for the CaF2 fiber at a pump power absorption level of 90 mW/m, and -16.7 mK at 66 mW/m for the SrF2 fiber. The BaF2 fiber did not cool, but it warmed only slightly, indicating that it was not far from cooling. Analysis of the measured dependence of the fiber temperature change on pump power with a model enabled extraction of the fiber’s critical quenching concentration and residual absorptive loss due to impurities. Comparison of these values to the values reported for an aluminosilicate fiber and fiber preforms that cooled shows that the CaF2 and SrF2 fibers faired as well as the fiber, and better than the preforms, in terms of quenching, but that they had a higher absorptive loss. This study establishes the significant research potential of nanoparticle-doped fibers in the search for efficient laser-cooling silica hosts.
Recent breakthroughs in silicon photonics technology may soon lead to mass-producible chip-scale tactical-grade (or better) gyroscopes by using a CMOS-compatible fabrication process to print highly integrated high-sensitivity optical gyroscopes. This paper reports our progress on designing and building an optical gyro out of an SiN racetrack resonator of 37-mm perimeter with 1270 finesse (108 intrinsic quality factor) using off-the-shelf fiber components (circulators, splitters, and modulators) and a semiconductor laser to achieve an angular random walk (ARW) of 80 deg/h/Hz, or 1.3 deg/h. To our knowledge, it is a record by a factor of 2 for the ARW per footprint area of a Sagnac-effect-based gyroscope on a chip. A balanced-detection scheme is employed to cancel 18 dB of gyroscope noise caused by laser phase noise converted into amplitude noise by residual backscatterers in the resonator. The backscattering coefficient was found to be very sensitive to wavelength, and therefore to the resonance used to probe the resonator. The lowest backscattering coefficient was measured to be more than 1,000 times lower than the mean. The use of this resonance, as well as an asymmetric phase-modulation scheme, greatly reduced the gyroscope’s backscattering noise. Achieving this gyro’s theoretical minimum ARW of 16 deg/h/Hz will likely require a lower backscattering coefficient or better means of cancelling backscattering noise. Further improvements to tactical-grade performance (and better) will likely require a larger resonator area, further reduction of backscattering, and/or a laser with reduced frequency noise.
This paper reports the first experimental observation of anti-Stokes cooling of fibers in which both the core and the cladding doped with Yb3+ to increase to number of Yb ions contributing to cooling and induce greater refrigeration. Two ZBLAN fibers were designed, fabricated by Le Verre Fluoré, and evaluated experimentally. Two cladding profiles were tested, both with asymmetric boundaries to induce greater mode mixing, and therefore better pump filling of the fiber and greater cooling. Temperature measurements showed that the fiber with a double-D cladding did not perform as well (it cooled to –78 mK for 240 mW of input pump power at 1025.5 nm) largely due to limited mode mixing. The octagonal cladding profile of the second fiber produced greater cooling, down to –1.3 K with 3 W. Fitting experimental results to a model showed good agreement with theory, and confirmed the high critical quenching concentration (Nc = 3.2x1027 Yb/m3), low absorptive background loss (40 dB/km), and good filling ratio (~38%) achieved in this second fiber. This study establishes that with straightforward improvement in mode filling, a cladding-pumped ZBLAN fiber can readily be cooled to ~10 K below room temperature at atmospheric pressure with only ~15 W of pump power.
Strong light-matter coupling in the terahertz (THz) region has strong potential for a new generation of THz devices based on polariton devices. In this work we investigate intersubband polaritons by time domain spectroscopy and characterize the coupled light-matter states at low k-vector for potential THz laser structures. A range of THz devices are studied to control the light-matter interaction and compared with the simulated polariton dispersion. The potential and investigations of THz stimulated emission via optical pumping at the so called “magic angle” for conservation of momentum and energy are presented.
Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) with strong apodized index modulations behave like an in-line Fabry-Perot interferometer and exhibit a series of narrow resonances in the short-wavelength portion of their transmission spectrum. These resonances have proven invaluable for detecting extremely small strains (30-femtostrain/√Hz level) or temperature changes (millidegreeC/√Hz level). The sensitivity of these fiber sensors is limited by the linewidth and peak transmission of the resonance used to interrogate the sensor, which are themselves limited by the intrinsic loss of the grating. In this work, significantly narrower and stronger resonances are demonstrated by introducing a small amount of optical gain in the FBG to offset the intrinsic loss and create a resonator with a much smaller net internal loss. The fiber Bragg grating is written in an Er-doped single-mode fiber and optically pumped to provide the required gain. The device reported here is a 6.5-mm grating with an AC index modulation of 1.59×10-3. With only 30 μW of pump power absorbed by the grating (32.6 mW launched), the fundamental resonance of the FBG was observed to narrow from 737 fm in the absence of pump to a record linewidth of 8.5 fm. The measured peak transmission of the resonance improved from ~-37 dB to -0.2 dB. A new model that predicts the slow-light resonance spectrum of a slow-light grating in the presence of optical gain is presented. This model is in good quantitative agreement with the measured evolution of the resonance linewidth as the pump power and the power of the laser that probes the resonance lineshape are varied.
Fundamental modelocking to generate short terahertz (THz) pulses and THz frequency combs from semiconductor lasers has become a routine affair using quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) as a gain medium. However, no demonstrations of harmonic modelocking have been shown in THz QCLs, where multiple pulses per round trip are generated when the laser is modulated at harmonics of the cavity’s fundamental round trip frequency. Here, using time resolved THz techniques, we show for the first time harmonic injection, and active and passive mode-locking where THz QCLs are modulated at harmonics of the round-trip frequency. Furthermore, using the unique ultrafast nature of our approach, we show that passive or self-starting harmonic modelocking originates from the QCL self-generating a harmonic microwave modulation. The latter auto-modulates the gain and loss in the system, spontaneously forcing the QCL to operate up to its 15th harmonic and opening up prospects of passive THz short pulse generation.
Anti-Stokes fluorescence cooling in a silica-based fiber is reported for the first time. The fiber had a core with a 20-μm diameter doped with 2.06 wt.% Yb and co-doped with 0.86 wt.% Al and 0.88 wt.% F. Core-pumping the fiber with 1040- nm light, temperature changes as large at -50 mK were measured at atmospheric pressure. Temperature measurements were performed at 12 pump wavelengths, and the measured dependence of the temperature change as a function of pump wavelength was in excellent agreement with a previously reported model. With this model, the absorptive loss in the fiber was inferred to be less than 15 dB/km, and the critical quenching concentration to be ~15.6 wt.% Yb. This combination of low loss and high quenching concentration (a factor of 16 times higher than the highest reported values for Yb-doped silica) is what allowed the observation of cooling. The temperature measurements were performed at atmospheric pressure using a custom slow-light fiber Bragg grating sensor with an improved thermal contact between the test fiber and the FBG. The improved method involves isopropanol to establish a good thermal contact between the two fibers. This eliminated a source of heating and enabled more accurate measurements of the cooled-fiber temperature. This improved temperaturemeasurement set-up also led to a new cooling record in a multimode Yb-doped ZBLAN fiber at atmospheric pressure. When pumped at 1030 nm, the fiber cooled by -3.5 K, a factor of 5.4 times higher than the previous record.
Recently, modelocked THz QCLs have been shown to generate 4ps pulses using monolithically integrated Gires-Tournois Interferometer (GTI) dispersion compensation schemes. However, Fourier limit pulse trains were not achieved to date that is vital to realize shorter pulses. Here we show a Fourier-limited pulse train of 3.4ps obtained from an active-modelocked QCL by exactly matching the spectral bandwidth to that of an appropriate GTI. This is despite a spectral bandwidth that is much lower than previous demonstrations.
A QCL based on a multiple stack hybrid active region was used and processed into a metal/metal waveguide. The emission frequency is centred at 3THz with a free-running bandwidth of ~0.1THz. The GTI is fabricated by etching a sub-wavelength air gap through the active region at one end of the QCL ridge. Electromagnetic simulations were performed to optimize the GTI size resulting in a 66.2µm long GTI compensating for the dispersion over a range of 0.3THz around 3.15THz. The pulse measurements are based on coherent sampling of the electric-field using electro-optic detection.
A stable 3.4ps pulse train was obtained by actively modelock the THz QCL with a microwave modulation. Each pulse shows a spectrum with 0.13THz FWHM, exactly at the Fourier-transform limit. In the frequency domain, lasing action occurs only at the off-resonance condition of the GTI as this appoints the dispersion compensated region as the most favourable range for modelocked emission.
In this work we attained the Fourier transform limit permitting the shortest demonstrated stable pulse train from a modelocked THz QCL.
Our understanding of the physics/chemistry of the interstellar medium increased since we got the capacity to develop heterodyne spectroscopy tools in the THz frequency range. For instance, an example of an important emission line in astronomy is the fine structure of the molecular deuterated hydrogen at 2.675 THz.
Heterodyne detection requires local oscillator sources that operate a few GHz away from the frequency of interest. THz quantum cascade lasers (QCL) emerge therefore as suitable sources. The combination of quantum cascade laser as local oscillator and ultra-sensitive hot electron bolometers for the mixing is so far the sole solution available in order to realise a compact and ultra-sensitive heterodyne detection system.
The first building block of our heterodyne detector is a spectrally single mode, low power consumption THz QCL operating at a specified target frequency. We developed devices with low threshold driving currents (<30mA). Their power dissipation, when operated in CW mode, stays below 250mW over the whole operation range. These characteristics make the components compatible for compact integration.
Despite the small beam divergence of the 3rdorder DFB architecture employed, the emission pattern is not perfectly Gaussian. We have therefore developed a solution to re-shape the QCL’s output beam into a Gaussian one, using a dielectric hollow waveguide (DHW). We have realized a full study to perfect the coupling between the QCL and the DHW, as the coupling losses are the limiting factor. This solution stands out as the most efficient for our heterodyne system.
Finally, the low-power-dissipation QCL was combined with a hot-electron superconducting bolometer, to yield an ultra-compact heterodyne detector. Characterization of the heterodyne detector unit, obtained with a hot and a cold blackbody calibration set-up, will be presented during the talk.
In this paper, we study the rotation sensitivity of a gyroscope made of a two-dimensional array of coupled resonators consisting of N columns of one-dimensional coupled resonant optical waveguides (CROWs) connected by two bus waveguides, each CROW consisting of M identical ring resonators. We show that the maximum rotation sensitivity of this structure is a strong function of the parity of the number of rows M. For an odd number of rows, and when the number of columns is small, the maximum sensitivity is high, and it is slightly lower than the maximum sensitivity of a single-ring resonator with two input/output waveguides (the case M = N = 1), which is a resonant waveguide optical gyroscope (RWOG). For an even M and small N, the maximum sensitivity is much lower than that of the RWOG. Increasing the number columns N increases the sensitivity of an even-row 2D CROW sublinearly, as N0.39, up to 30 columns. In comparison, the maximum sensitivity of an RWOG of equal area increases faster, as √N. The sensitivity of the 2D CROW therefore always lags behind that of the RWOG. For a 2×2 CROW, if the spacing between the columns L is increased sufficiently the maximum sensitivity increases linearly with L due to the presence of a composite Mach- Zehnder interferometer in the structure. However, for equal footprints this sensitivity is also not larger than that of a single-ring resonator. Regardless of the number of rows and columns and the spacing, for the same footprint and propagation loss, a 2D CROW gyroscope is not more sensitive than an RWOG.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.