High performance photonic gyroscope microchips need ring resonators with high quality factors and low loss waveguides for enhanced accuracy. The industry trend is toward thin ring resonators with thick cladding layers above and below the waveguides. Thick cladding layers are typically required to ensure that the guided light’s fields extending out from the waveguide are negligible before reaching any lossy material beyond the cladding layers. Otherwise, a significant portion of the field would be attenuated by the lossy material, thereby increasing the waveguide’s overall propagation losses. However, thick cladding layers are undesirable from a process cost standpoint. We show that cavities etched below waveguides facilitate much thinner bottom cladding without increasing waveguide propagation losses. Commercial software computed the light within 100 nm thick and 40 nm thick waveguide designs as a function of their bottom cladding thickness. These simulations show that, with the underlying cavities, a 2 μm thick bottom cladding layer sufficiently confines the 100 nm thick waveguide’s light. In the case of the 40 nm thick waveguide, this minimum cladding thickness was 3 μm. With these cavities, conventional bottom cladding thicknesses, normally 8 μm and 15 μm, respectively, are no longer necessary. 100 nm thick Si3N4 waveguides with 3 μm thick SiO2 bottom cladding layers were then fabricated, with and without cavities, alongside horizontally coupled coplanar ring resonators. Characterization of the fabricated structures show that the cavities reduce waveguide loss and improve ring resonator quality factor by a factor of three.
A novel fiber design has been proposed for a (+D) Non Zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber (NZDSF). The obtained characteristics of this fiber (such as Petermann II-Mode Field Diameter, Group Delay, Group Velocity Dispersion, Dispersion Slope, and Effective Area) are in good agreement with the commercially available (+D) NZDSF with the trade name LEAF.
The paper presents the formulation of nonlinear TE waves guided by waveguides having second order polynomial in the film with nonlinear cover medium. These waveguides are usually obtained in glass by silver-sodium ion exchange technique. It is shown in this paper that the formation leads to an exact dispersion relation and an exact expression for power flow.
We present a simplified design for a modified in-line dispersion prism that disperses light for zero deviation following the principle of total internal reflection. This design eliminates the need for a high-reflection coating on the faces of the prism. Correction in the lateral displacement of the beam is achieved using Murty's technique. Some possible applications are given.
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