Photoacoustic imaging will become an important supplement to conventional ultrasound imaging. However, the
equipment needed is still too delicate to bring this technique into the daily clinical work. The pulsed light source is the
area of interest in the present report. Usually, large and costly laser systems are used to provide high-energy light pulses
with a chosen wavelength. Pulsed semiconductor lasers have been demonstrated as a possible alternative light source for
the photoacoustic imaging purpose. As an alternative to laser sources, the preliminary result of using a pulsed high-power
light emitting diode, LED, for photoacoustic imaging is presented here. The pulsed light source is created from a Luxeon
LXHL_PD09 red LED (250mW optical output power at 1 Amp current). The LED is supplied with current pulses 60ns
wide and 40A peak. The LED delivers 60ns light pulses with approximately 6W peak power. The phantom used consists
of a thin stripe (3mm high x 5mm wide) of green colored gelatin overlaid by a 3cm layer of un-colored gelatin. The light
pulses from the LED are collected by a lens system and focused on the green gelatin from beneath the sample. The
acoustic response from the green gelatin is detected with a single focused transducer on the upper surface of the 3cm
thick colorless gelatin layer. The response is clearly observed when the measurement is taken as an average of 50,000
pulses. Is it concluded that despite the relatively low pulse power, for some purposes, a combination of of LED's could be
a candidate for an inexpensive light source.
We consider the dynamical properties of speckles observed through a second static diffuser arising from a linear or
angularly displaced first diffuser. Analytical expressions are obtained for general situations where both the space
between the displaced and the static diffuser and the space between the static diffuser and the plane of observation
consist of an optical system that can be characterized by a complex-valued ABCD-matrix (e.g. simple and complex
imaging systems, free space propagation in both the near- and far-field, and Fourier transform systems). The use of the
complex ABCD-method means that diffraction due to inherent apertures is included. One of the diffusers is assumed to
give rise to fully developed speckle, i.e. the scattered phase is assumed to be delta-correlated, whereas the second and
dynamic diffuser has a finite lateral scale. The illumination of the displaced diffuser is assumed to be Gaussian but the
derived expressions are not restricted to a plane incident beam. The results are applicable for speckle-based systems for
determining mechanical displacements, especially for long-range systems, and for analyzing systems for measuring
biological activity beyond a diffuse layer, e.g. blood flow measurements through human skin.
Two issues will be treated in this presentation, both focusing on gaining a deeper understanding of dynamic speckles,
aiming at the use for probing dynamical properties of scattering structures. The first issue to be addressed is the
dynamics of speckles arising from illuminating a solid surface giving rise to fully developed speckle with two mutually
separated beams. It will be shown that usually the speckle pattern will consist of larger speckles with an inherent fine
structure, each of which will usually be moving with different velocity. Next, the dynamics of the speckle pattern arising
from scattering off a diffuser as seen through a second static diffuser is analyzed. Here, it is shown that the second and
static diffuser will act as a pivot point about which the speckles will move. This facilitates a scaling of the speckle
displacement facilitating a very minute measurement of the displacement of the first diffuser.
A "handheld" speckle interferometer for measuring out-of-plane displacements on reflective as well as diffusely scattering object surfaces is presented. The interferometer is a nearly path length compensated set-up which uses diffuse illumination of the object in combination with a speckled reference. The reference wave is established by reflecting a part of the diffuse object illumination from a glass plate located just in front of the object. The glass plate is mounted on a piezoelectric translator in order to control the phase of the reference wave when using phase stepping algorithms. The coherent light source is a laser diode. A web camera with a Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface is employed as the image-capturing device. Likewise, is the piezoelectric translator controlled through the USB interface. The necessary size of the optical set-up depends on the size of the object. The interferometer presented here is a compact version of the set-up, which is capable of measuring displacments of small objects, having either a specularly reflecting- or a diffusely scattering surface. The small optical set-up together with the use of the popular USB-communication for acquiring the images and controlling the phase of the reference wave constitutes a compact "handheld" instrument and eliminates the need for installing extra hardware, such as frame grabber and Digital to Analog converter, in the host computer.
The concept of an impulse response function (IRF) for interferometers - and especially for common-path mterferometers - will be introduced as a tool for depicting fringe appearance in ESPI systems based on the shearing effect-1.The impulse response function relates the measured phase change at an arbitrary position in the detector plane with a displacement in the object plane. Thus the TRY depicts the function of a specific filter placed in the Fourier plane ofthe common-path interferometer. A suite of filters will be introduced to show the specific way in which the filter will control the fringe interpretatio
The treatment of first- and second order intensity statistics of light scattered from surfaces not giving rise to fully developed speckles will be presented. Analytical expressions will be given for speckle size, first-order intensity moments and intensity variance within the framework of using the Huygens-Fresnel integral with the complete optical system included by the complex valued system ray ABCD-matrix. Various surface models will be presented, all being based on a Gaussian height distribution with various lateral length scale(s). For the sake of simplicity, only rotationally symmetric optical systems will be treated and no depolarization effects during scattering will be included.
This paper presents a stable and compact speckle interferometer for doing out-of-plane displacement measurements on reflective as well as diffusely scattering object surfaces. The set-up is based on a nearly path length compensated interferometer of the Fizeau type and uses diffuse illumination of the object combined with a speckled reference wave. This combination eliminates the need of special optical components, and the interferometer can be built of commonly available components. The diffuse illumination wave is obtained by scattering coherent light from a diffusely scattering surface. The speckled reference wave is established by reflecting a part of the diffuse illumination wave from a glass plate placed in front of the object.
In the present paper it will be shown how the introduction of a Fourier plane filter can create various types of common path interferometers for measuring changes in surface tilt or curvature of an object surface. This is obtained by placing a holographic optical element in the Fourier plane of a 4-f optical system. The interferometers are analyzed by using the paraxial approximation of the Huygens-Fresnel integral formalism, and the interferometer functions are given by a novel formalism using impulse response functions. Based on this technique, an interferometer for measuring dedicated changes in surface deflection is presented. This interferometer is insensitive to rigid surface rotations and displacements. The interferometer can be embedded in systems based on single point measurement of a time dependent deflection, i.e. vibrometers, as well as in full-field measurements such as electronic speckle interferometers.
A laser Doppler anemometer for measuring wind speed ahead of wind turbines is under development. The anemometer
is based on a CO2 laser. Three schemes for detecting the Doppler frequency of the back-scattered light have been
compared with respect to compactness, robustness, signal strength, and cost. The autodyne scheme, where the backscattered
light is collected through the same optical path as used for the transmitted beam and re-enters the laser cavity.
The Doppler frequency is measured as perturbations of the laser power. The Michelson derived heterodyne system,
where the Doppler frequency is measured as a beat frequency between the signal wave and a reference wave in a
Michelson-like set-up. In an alternative system for detection by external mixing is the reference wave is established by
reflecting a small fraction of the output beam back towards the detector by a partially reflecting window. Due to the
response characteristics of the laser, an autodyne laser anemometer, based on a CO2 laser, is found to have an
acceptable response only in a very narrow frequency range and is thus not useful the present application. It is decided to
build the anemometer by using the alternative heterodyne mixing scheme. This system needs the fewest number of
optical components and alignments.
A discussion of the static and dynamic 3D behavior of a speckle pattern is given. The discussion is based on general theoretical results, which are valid within the paraxial approximation for a general optical system using the concept of complex ABCD-matrices. Especially, we examine the 3D nature of speckles, which are formed in free-space, in Fourier transform geometry and in imaging systems. The dynamic evolution of these speckles is derived from the space/time-lagged intensity covariance that results from an in-plane translation of a diffuse scattering object, which is illuminated by a Gaussian shaped laser beam in a back- scattering configuration. In particular, the origin of speckle decorrelation will be investigated. Speckles are commonly analyzed in a plane where decorrelation can arise either from true speckle decorrelation or due to a frozen 3D speckle pattern being translated through the plane of observation, i.e. subjective speckle decorrelation. The presentation will be concluded with illustrative experimental results. The implications of the 3D dynamic properties for measurement systems based on speckle correlation will be considered.
In this paper, we present a suite of novel speckle based displacement sensors. A laser beam illuminates the optically rough object and the light scattered off the object is collected and processed by various optical elements and, finally, the speckle pattern is detected. A new theoretical tool has been developed in which the speckle dynamics at the detector plane is described for an arbitrary complex optical system simply by means of the ABCD ray-transfer matrix elements for the optical system. Armed with the general theoretical tool, this paper discusses the correlation between object displacement and the speckle dynamics observed at the detector. In particular, the general theoretical tool allows trade-of analyses that are very important for industrial applications. As an example, all the sensors presented here are designed such that they are independent on variations in object distance. A new method is introduced in which rapid prototype optical sensors can be realized with standard optical elements. This facilitates a way of rapid realization of very compact optical sensors.
A simple system for detecting the rotation in two directions of a reflective ball is presented. The primary goal for the set-up is to realize a simple and compact concept that can be used for PC-cursor control, yet having an adequate precision for cursor control. A slightly diverging beam from a Vertical Surface Cavity Emitting Laser (VCSEL) mounted on a pcb-board with a diameter of 6.8 mm illuminates a reflective ball (0 4 mm) placed at a distance of 15 mm. Light scattered off the rotating ball produces a speckled field, which sweeps across two pairs of elongated photo detectors arranged perpendicular to each other. The four photo detector signals are digitized and fed into an ASIC, which determines the rotation of the ball in two directions including the sign of the rotation.
We demonstrate that by using diffuse object illumination, deformation measurements with hologrpahic interferometry can be performed on a specularly reflecting object without the use of any additional coating of the object surface. An expression for the secondary fringe formation is found, and the system is found only to be sensitive to deformations along the surface. The fringe visibility is studied for a rigid rotation of the object by using the theory of speckle decorrelation. It is found that maximum fringe visibility is obtained if the recording camera is focused on the surface of the object. Agreement between the theory and the experimental results are found.
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