KEYWORDS: Tissues, In vivo imaging, Laser lithotripsy, Temperature metrology, Prototyping, Temperature sensors, Injuries, Infrared sensors, In vitro testing, High power lasers
High fluid temperatures have occurred in studies with laser lithotripsy, yet temperature within the renal parenchyma has not been well characterized. Our objective was to measure renal tissue temperatures during laser activation in a calyx. Ureteroscopy was performed in porcine subjects with a prototype ureteroscope containing a temperature sensor at its tip. A needle with thermocouples was introduced percutaneously to allow temperature measurement in the renal medulla and cortex. Trials of 60 second laser activation (40 W) were conducted with irrigation of 8 ml/min. Substantial temperature elevation was observed in the renal medulla with thermal dose in two of nine trials exceeding threshold for tissue injury. In conclusion, high-power laser settings (40 W) can induce potentially injurious tissue temperatures in the in-vivo porcine model, particularly in the region adjacent to the collecting system.
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