We report the development of space qualified three-channel bistatic Laser Detection and Ranging (LADAR) system capable of working up to 2.2 km which includes Master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) based on High Power Fiber Lasers with specifications of 5W Peak power, 4-millisecond pulse-width at 1550 nm central wavelength. Transmitter-Receiver collimators are aligned in Bistatic configuration within 3.6 arc second accuracy. Doppler shift measurement is estimated using all-fiber optical heterodyne interferometry and thereby highly accurate velocity detection is achieved with 3 sigma accuracy of ±3.108, ±4.063, and ±3.3903 mm/s. The developed LADAR sensor system for velocity measurement is space qualified and has shown nominal performance during all phases of thermal and vibration tests.
KEYWORDS: Fiber Bragg gratings, Sensors, Teeth, Measurement devices, Optical fibers, Calibration, Temperature metrology, In vivo imaging, Metals, Refractive index
The maximum level of voluntary bite force, which results from the combined action of muscle of mastication, joints, and teeth, i.e., craniomandibular structure, is considered as one of the major indicators for the functional state of the masticatory system. Measurement of voluntary bite force provides useful data for the jaw muscle function and activity along with assessment of prosthetics. This study proposes an in vivo methodology for the dynamic measurement of bite force employing a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor known as bite force measurement device (BFMD). The BFMD developed is a noninvasive intraoral device, which transduces the bite force exerted at the occlusal surface into strain variations on a metal plate. These strain variations are acquired by the FBG sensor bonded over it. The BFMD developed facilitates adjustment of the distance between the biting platform, which is essential to capture the maximum voluntary bite force at three different positions of teeth, namely incisor, premolar, and molar sites. The clinically relevant bite forces are measured at incisor, molar, and premolar position and have been compared against each other. Furthermore, the bite forces measured with all subjects are segregated according to gender and also compared against each other.
A technique for real-time dynamic monitoring of force experienced by a spinal needle during lumbar puncture using a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor is presented. The proposed FBG force device (FBGFD) evaluates the compressive force on the spinal needle during lumbar puncture, particularly avoiding the bending effect on the needle. The working principle of the FBGFD is based on transduction of force experienced by the spinal needle into strain variations monitored by the FBG sensor. FBGFD facilitates external mounting of a spinal needle for its smooth insertion during lumbar puncture without any intervention. The developed FBGFD assists study and analysis of the force required for the spinal needle to penetrate various tissue layers from skin to the epidural space; this force is indicative of the varied resistance offered by different tissue layers for the spinal needle traversal. Calibration of FBGFD is performed on a micro-universal testing machine for 0 to 20 N range with an obtained resolution of 0.021 N. The experimental trials using spinal needles mounted on FBGFD are carried out on a human cadaver specimen with punctures made in the lumbar region from different directions. Distinct forces are recorded when the needle encounters skin, muscle tissue, and a bone in its traversing path. Real-time spinal needle force monitoring using FBGFD may reduce potentially serious complications during the lumbar puncture, such as overpuncturing of tissue regions, by impeding the spinal needle insertion at epidural space.
Improvements in emergency medicine in the form of efficient life supporting systems and intensive care have increased the survival rate in critically injured patients; however, in some cases, severe brain and spinal cord injuries can result in a locked-in syndrome or other forms of paralysis, and communication with these patients may become restricted or impossible. The present study proposes a noninvasive, real-time communication assistive methodology for those with restricted communication ability, employing a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor. The communication assistive methodology comprises a breath pattern analyzer using an FBG sensor, which acquires the exhalation force that is converted into strain variations on a cantilever. The FBG breath pattern analyzer along with specific breath patterns, which are programmed to give specific audio output commands, constitutes the proposed fiber Bragg grating sensor-based communication assistive device. The basic communication can be carried out by instructing the patients with restricted communication ability to perform the specific breath patterns. The present approach is intended to be an alternative to the common approach of brain–computer interface in which an instrument is utilized for learning of brain responses.
Goniometer has found extensive usage in diverse applications, primary being medical field in which it is employed for obtaining the range of motion of joints during physical therapy. It is imperative to have a dynamic system to measure the range of motion which will aid for a progressive therapeutic treatment. Hence in the present study, a novel goniometer for real time dynamic angle measurement between two surfaces with the aid of a Fiber Bragg Grating sensor is proposed. The angular rotation between the two surfaces will be identified by the two arms of the Fiber Bragg Grating Goniometer (FBGG), which is translated to the rotation of the shaft which holds these arms together. A cantilever beam is fixed onto the base plate whose free end is connected to the rotating shaft. The rotating shaft will actuate a mechanism which will pull the free end of the cantilever resulting in strain variation over the cantilever beam. The strain variation on the cantilever beam is measured by the Fiber Bragg Grating sensor bonded over it. Further, the proposed FBGG facilitates tunable sensitivity by the discs of varying diameters on the rotating shaft. Tunable sensitivity of the FBGG is realised by the movement of these discs by varying circumferential arc lengths for the same angular movement, which will actuate the pull on the cantilever beam. As per the requirement of the application in terms of resolution and range of angular measurement, individual mode of sensitivity may be selected.
Non-invasive, real-time dynamic monitoring of pressure inside a column with the aid of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor is presented in the present work. A bare FBG sensor is adhered on the circumference of a pressure column normal to its axis, which has the ability to acquire the hoop strain induced by the pressure variation inside the column. Pressure induced hoop strain response obtained using FBG sensor is validated against the pressure measurements obtained from conventional pressure gauge. Further, a protrusion setup on the outer surface of the column has been proposed over which a secondary FBG sensor is bonded normal to its axis, in order to increase the gauge length of this FBG sensor. This is carried out in order to validate the variation in sensitivity of the protrusion bonded FBG sensor compared to the bare FBG sensor bonded over the surface. A comparative study is done between the two FBG sensors and a conventional pressure gauge in order to establish the capacity of FBG sensor obtained hoop strain response for pressure monitoring inside the column.
The present study reports a noninvasive technique for the measurement of the pulse transit time differential (PTTD) from the pulse pressure waveforms obtained at the carotid artery and radial artery using fiber Bragg grating pulse recorders (FBGPR). PTTD is defined as the time difference between the arrivals of a pulse pressure waveform at the carotid and radial arterial sites. The PTTD is investigated as an indicator of variation in the systolic blood pressure. The results are validated against blood pressure variation obtained from a Mindray Patient Monitor. Furthermore, the pulse wave velocity computed from the obtained PTTD is compared with the pulse wave velocity obtained from the color Doppler ultrasound system and is found to be in good agreement. The major advantage of the PTTD measurement via FBGPRs is that the data acquisition system employed can simultaneously acquire pulse pressure waveforms from both FBGPRs placed at carotid and radial arterial sites with a single time scale, which eliminates time synchronization complexity.
We report a blood pressure evaluation methodology by recording the radial arterial pulse waveform in real time using a fiber Bragg grating pulse device (FBGPD). Here, the pressure responses of the arterial pulse in the form of beat-to-beat pulse amplitude and arterial diametrical variations are monitored. Particularly, the unique signatures of pulse pressure variations have been recorded in the arterial pulse waveform, which indicate the systolic and diastolic blood pressure while the patient is subjected to the sphygmomanometric blood pressure examination. The proposed method of blood pressure evaluation using FBGPD has been validated with the auscultatory method of detecting the acoustic pulses (Korotkoff sounds) by an electronic stethoscope.
We argue that when individuals
enunciate sounds which are perceived to be the same, the sounds have the
commonalty that their spectra can be transformed into a new domain which
results in identical spectra except for a speaker dependent translation
factor. We call the transformation function the speech scale. The speech scale
is experimentally obtained. In this paper we explore the mathematical issues
involved and obtain various criteria for when a transformation to a new domain
results in a speaker independent transform.
We have previously reported experimental results that directly connect speech and hearing and lead to the concept of a universal warping function. In this paper we report further experiments based on a large database collected by Hillenbrand et al. These new results further validate the concept of a universal warping function.
We present a method for accurate estimation of formant frequencies. The method is based on differentiating the phase of the short time Fourier transform. The motivation for the method is its application to the estimation of the recently introduced 'universal warping function' which is aimed at separating the speaker dependence from the phonetic content of a speech utterance. The universal warping function is determined by the nature of the relationship between formants of different speakers for phonetically similar sounds and requires an accurate estimate of formants. The proposed method provides sufficiently accuracy for its estimation.
We report recognition results using scale-transform based cepstral features in a telephone based digit recognition task. The method is based on the use of scale-transform based features for speaker-independent applications, which are insensitive to linear-frequency scaling effects and therefore reduce inter-speaker variability due to differences in vocal-tract lengths. We have implemented a digit recognition task using the proposed scale-transform based features and have compared the recognition accuracy obtained when compared to using mel-cepstrum based front-end features.
KEYWORDS: Fermium, Frequency modulation, Transform theory, Fourier transforms, Receivers, Signal to noise ratio, Ear, Signal analyzers, Filtering (signal processing), Acoustics
We describe experiments that we have performed that address the issue of the relation between the same enunciations by different speakers. Our previous work indicated that frequencies are approximately scaled uniformity. In this paper we report results addressing possible corrections to uniform scaling. Our results show that the scaling is non uniform, that is the format frequencies of different speakers scale differently at different frequencies. We discuss how this leads to the mathematical issue of separating the spectrum into a speaker dependent and speaker independent parts. We introduce the concept of a universal scaling function that is aimed at achieving this separation. The fundamental idea is to find a frequency axis transformation (warping function) which transforms the energy density spectrum (the squared absolute value of the Fourier transform of the enunciation) in such a way that a further Fourier transform of the resulting function achieves this separation. We discuss this procedure and relate it to the scale transform. Using real speech data we obtain such a transformation function. The resulting function is very similar to the Mel scale, which has been previously obtained only from psychoacoustic (hearing based) experiments. That similar scales are obtained from both hearing and speech production (as reported here) is fundamental to the understanding of speech and hearing.
If we translate a function then all information about the translation appears in the phase of the Fourier transform of the translated function. Similarly if we magnify a function all information about the magnification appears in the phase of the scale transform. In the case where the function is translated or magnified and also warped we discuss how one can define approximate translation and magnification factors. We also discuss how these factors may depend on the phases and amplitude of functions. Partial answers to these questions are given. Also we discuss how one can define local and global translational and magnification factors.
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