A high-sensitivity In0.6Ga0.4As/GaAs quantum-dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) with detection waveband in 6.7 to approximately 11.5 μm and operating temperature up to 260K under normal incident illumination has been demonstrated. The peak detection wavelength shifts from 7.6 μm to 8.4 μm when the temperature rises from 40 to 260K. The background limited performance (BLIP) detectivity (D*BLIP) measured at Vb=1.5 V, T=77K and λp = 7.6 μm was found to be 1.25 x 1010 cm-Hz1/2/W, with a corresponding responsivity of 0.22A/W. The high operating temperature is attributed to the very low dark current and long carrier lifetime in the quantum dots of this device. The results show that this QDIP can operate at high temperature without using the large band gap material such as AlGaAs or InGaP as blocking barrier to reduce the device dark current.
In this paper we report a high performance 2-stack, 3-color quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) composed of InGaAs/AlGaAs QWIP and an InGaAs/AlGaAs/InGaAs triple- coupled (TC-) QWIP grown on the GaAs substrate for the mid- and long-wavelength (MW/LW) infrared (IR) detection. The basic device structure consists of a MWIR QWIP stack with 3 periods of 43 Angstroms In0.3Ga0.7As quantum well and an undoped 300 Angstroms Al0.3Ga0.7As barrier and a LWIR TC-QWIP stack with 5 periods of 65 Angstroms In0.18Ga0.82As quantum well (QW) and two undoped 60 Angstroms In0.05Ga0.95As Qws separated by 20 Angstroms Al0.08Ga0.92As barriers. The TC-QWIP stack has two response peaks, which are voltage-tunable from 9.2micrometers to 10 micrometers and 12micrometers to 12.2micrometers by the applied bias, respectively. For the LWIR TC-QWIP, a maximum responsivity of 1.96A/W at 12micrometers was obtained at T=40K, and a maximum detectivity of (Formula available in paper) was obtained at Vb=-1.7V, λp=12micrometers , and T=20K. As for the MWIR QWIP stack excellent responsivity at the peak wavelength of λp=5.1micrometers was obtained up to 120 K.
Typical quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) exhibit rather narrow spectral bandwidth of 1 to 2 micrometer. For certain applications, such as spectroscopy, sensing of a broader range of infrared radiation is highly desirable. In this work, we report the design of five broadband (BB-) QWIPs sensitive over the 7 to 14 micrometer spectral range. Three n- type BB-QWIPs consisting of three, four, and five quantum wells of different thickness and/or composition in a unit cell, which are then repeated 20 times for the three and four quantum wells (QW) devices and 3 times for the five QWs device to create the BB-QWIP structures, are demonstrated. The three- well n-type InxGa1-xAs/AlyGa1-yAs BB-QWIP is designed to have a response peak at 10 micrometer, with a FWHM bandwidth that varies with the applied bias. A maximum bandwidth of (Delta) (lambda) /(lambda) p equals 21% was obtained for this device at Vb equals -2 V. The four- well n-type InxGa1-xAs/GaAs BB-QWIP not only exhibits a very large responsivity of 2.31 A/W at 10.3 micrometer and Vb equals +4.5 V, but also achieves a broader bandwidth of (Delta) (lambda) /(lambda) p equals 29% than the three-well device. The five-well n-type InxGa1- xAs/GaAs BB-QWIP has achieved a FWHM bandwidth of (Delta) (lambda) /(lambda) p equals 28% at Vb equals 1.75 V. In addition, two p-type InxGa1-xAs/GaAs BB-QWIPs with variable well thickness and composition, sensitive in the 7 - 14 micrometer spectral range, are also demonstrated. The variable composition p-type BB-QWIP has a very large FWHM bandwidth of (Delta) (lambda) /(lambda) p equals 48% at Vb equals -1.5 V and T equals 40 K. The variable thickness p- type BB-QWIP was found to have an even broader FWHM bandwidth of (Delta) (lambda) /(lambda) p equals 63% at Vb equals 1.1 V and T equals 40 K, with a corresponding peak responsivity of 25 mA/W at 10.2 micrometer. The results reveal that p-type BB- QWIPs have a broader and flatter spectral bandwidth but lower responsivity than that of n-type BB-QWIPs under similar operating conditions.
Rapid progress in quantum well IR photodetectors (QWIPs) technology has made it possible to develop large format, and high uniformity QWIP focal plane arrays (FPAs) for IR imaging sensor applications. So far, all QWIP FPAs are made of n-type GaAs/AlGaAs material systems grown on GaAs substrates due to the maturity of this material system and excellent detector performance. However, due to quantum selection rules, normal incidence absorption is forbidden in n-type QWIPs. As a result, n-type QWIP FPAs are required to use dielectric or metal gratings to efficiently couple the IR radiation into the quantum wells under normal incidence illumination. On the other hand, normal incidence absorption is allowed in p-type QWIPs without using the grating couplers. This property makes p-type QWIPs potentially more attractive for large format FPA applications. This paper will review the recent development in both n-type and p-type QWIPs for mid-wavelength, long-wavelength and very long wavelength IR detections. The basic device physics, structures, and performance parameters such as dark current, spectral responsivity, and detectivity for both n-type and p-type QWIPs will be depicted. Finally, a comparison of the advantages and drawbacks of n-type and p-type QWIPs will also be given.
We report a two-stack indirect-barrier (IB-) GaAs/Al0.55Ga0.45As quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) for mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) and a voltage-tunable In0.05Ga0.95As/GaAs/Al0.19Ga0.81As triple-coupled (TC-) QWIP for long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) detection. We also investigate the performance dependence of this stacked QWIP with different quantum well periods (20-period and 40- period). The peak responsivity of the 20-period stacked-QWIP at zero bias (PV mode) was found to be 30 mA/W at (lambda) p equals 4.3 micrometer and T equals 40 K. The maximum peak responsivity (PC mode) was found to be 0.25 A/W at (lambda) p equals 4.3 micrometer, Vb equals -4 V, and T equals 40 K for the 20-period MWIR IB-QWIP. For the LWIR TC- QWIP, the peak wavelength due to (E1 yields E3) transition shifts from 10 micrometer to 9.4 micrometer as bias voltage changes from 5 to 7 V and from 9 to 14 V for 20-period and 40 period devices, respectively. A peak responsivity of 0.16 A/W was obtained at (lambda) p equals 9.4 micrometer, Vb equals 7 V, and T equals 40 K for the 20-period TC- QWIP. The results show that simultaneous detection of IR radiation at both the MWIR and LWIR bands can be achieved at Vb greater than or equal to 7 V or Vb less than or equal to -5 V for the 20-period stacked QWIP. It is shown that this two-stack QQWIP can be used as a wavelength-tunable IR detector for the MWIR and LWIR bands.
A high sensitivity triple-coupled quantum well infrared photodetector (TC-QWIP) based on high strain InGaAs/AlGaAs/InGaAs material system has been demonstrated. It consists of a high strain Si-doped In0.25Ga0.75As quantum well and two undoped thin Al0.11Ga0.89As/In0.12Ga0.88As quantum wells (QWs) separated by a thick Al0.11Ga0.89As barrier layer. We also investigate the performance dependence of this QWIP with two different numbers of quantum well periods (5- and 10-period). Two response peaks at 9.5 micrometer and 7 micrometer were observed under different negative bias conditions, which are attributed to the transitions from the ground state to the second excited states and the continuum states, respectively. Spectral responsivities of 2.77 A/W and 1.55 A/W and the BLIP detectivities of 2.24 X 1010 cm-Hz1/2/W and 1.68 X 1010 cm-Hz1/2/W were obtained at Vb equals -3 V and (lambda) p equals 9.6 micrometer with 45 degree facet illumination and normal incidence illumination, respectively, for the 5-period device. As to the 10-period device, spectral responsivities of 2.7 A/W and 1.05 A/W and the BLIP detectivities of 2.21 X 1010 cm-Hz1/2/W and 1.38 X 1010 cm-Hz1/2/W were obtained at Vb equals -5 V and (lambda) p equals 9.6 micrometer with 45 degree facet illumination and normal incidence illumination, respectively, for this device. This represents the highest normal incidence response ever reported for a QWIP operating at 9.6 micrometer peak wavelength. Based on the responsivity and detectivity data the minimum detectable photon flux for this new device is found to be 1.08 X 1011 and 1.09 X 1011 cm-2s-1 for the 5-period and 10- period devices, respectively, at (lambda) p equals 9.6 micrometer, bandwidth equals 1 micrometer, and FOV equals 180 degrees. Thus, the HS-TC-QWIP reported here is capable for lower background IR imaging array applications.
Quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) technology has developed rapidly in the past decade culminating in the demonstration of large format focal plane arrays. Most of the efforts so far have been on tactical applications in which an increased operating temperature is the major objective. For strategic applications with a cold background and a faint target, low temperature operation is required. Under these conditions, improving the conversion efficiency (quantum efficiency times gain) is very important for QWIPs to collect sufficient signal. Simplified QWIP (S-QWIP) structures with increased optical gains have been demonstrated. In this presentation, experimental results of several S-QWIPs will be given. The properties of simplified QWIPs will be examined at low temperatures with a low background and a faint target. Results of a computer simulation with an unresolved target will be discussed.
A very high performance two-stack, two-color, high strain (HS- ) quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) has been demonstrated. The sample was grown on a semi-insulating (100) GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). It consists of two stacks of MWIR and LWIR QWIPs as the active region with a 100 nm thick highly doped contact layer grown between the two stacks. Each stack is designed to have detection in one of the two atmospheric windows, 3 - 5 micrometer (MWIR) and 8 - 12 micrometer (LWIR), respectively. The MWIR stack consists of 20 periods of 300 angstrom Al0.38Ga0.62As barrier and 24 angstrom doped In0.35Ga0.65As well sandwiched between two 5 angstrom GaAs, and the LWIR stack is composed of 20 periods of 500 angstrom Al0.27Ga0.73As barrier and 55 angstrom GaAs well. In this work, a 35% of indium has been employed in the MWIR-stack which not only shifts the peak wavelength to 4.3 micrometer, but also enhances the responsivity greatly in this wavelength band. This is due to the fact that higher indium concentration in the InGaAs QW reduces the electron effective mass and increases the intersubband absorption. Despite of the large strain induced by the high indium concentration, the device is highly uniform with very low dark current. For the MWIR stack, a peak responsivity of Rp equals 0.65 A/W and D* equals 1.9 by 1011 cm-Hz1/2/W at 4.3 micrometer, 3 V bias, and 77 K were obtained, while for the LWIR stack, Rp equals 0.55 A/W and D* equals 2.7 by 1010 cm-Hz1/2/W at 9.4 micrometer, 2 V bias, and 77 K were obtained using 45 degree light coupling. Normal incidence without grating coupling also has high responsivity with about 50% for the MWIR stack and 40% for the LWIR stack respectively, compared with the 45 degree incidence coupling. The BLIP temperature was found to be 125 K for the MWIR stack with cutoff wavelength of lambdac equals 4.6 micrometer and 70 K for the LWIR stack with (lambda) c equals 10 micrometer.
A detailed study of the performance of compressively strained p-type III-V quantum well infrared photodetectors (p-QWIPs) is presented in this work. Three device structures composed of InGaAs/GaAs, InGaAs/AlGaAs, and InGaAs/AlGaAs/GaAs for normal incidence absorption have been fabricated and analyzed, with the results being compared with similar reported unstrained p-QWIPs. In all three QWIP structures, the quantum well layers are under biaxial compressive strain ranging from -0.8 to 2.8 percent, while the barrier layers are lattice matched to the substrate. The detection peaks of the quantum well infrared photodetectors ranged from 7.4 micrometers to 10.4 micrometers . The detectors utilized the bound-to-continuum, bound-to-quasi- bound, and step bound-to-miniband intersubband transitions for infrared detection. The results showed that responsivities of up to 90 mA/W and detectivities from 109 to over 1010 cm (root) Hz/W are achieved under moderate applied bias and at reasonable operating temperatures, demonstrating the viability of the strained layer p-doped quantum well infrared photodetectors for staring focal plane array applications.
An ultra-low dark current normal incidence p-type strained-layer In0.3Ga0.7As/In0.52Al0.48As quantum well IR photodetector (PSL-QWIP) grown on semi-insulating (100) InP substrate by MBE technique has been demonstrated for the first time. This PSL-QWIP shows a background limited performance (BLIP) for TBLIP* for this PSL-QWIP were found to be 7 X 10-8A/cm2 and 5.9 X 1010 cm - (root)Hz/W, respectively, at (lambda) p equals 8.1 micrometers , Vb equals -2V, and T equals 77 K.
A new stable fundamental mode operation of a ridge wave guide laser array has been fabricated by introducing absorption regions in the laser stripes except the central one. The structure may be considered as an integrated injection locking array or the distributed saturable absorption laser array. The threshold current is typically 40 mA and the maximum power is more than 150 mW for laser arrays with five elements. The single lobed far field pattern is centered at 0 degree(s) with a full width at half maximum of 2 degree(s) at I equals 1.5 Ith.
We report here a detailed study of intersubband absorption at 10.7 micrometers between the localized ground state and the global miniband state in an InAlAs/InGaAs multiple quantum well and short-period superlattice (SL) barrier heterostructure. The use of enlarged quantum well and the superlattice reinforced miniband structure has shown a significant enhancement in the net intersubband absorption. An integrated optical absorption strength of IA equals 19.5 Abs-cm-1 was obtained under the Brewster's incident angle at T equals 300 K, which is about five times larger than that of the conventional single bound-to-bound transition in the InAlAs/InGaAs quantum well structure.
A metal grating coupled step-bound-to-miniband (SBTM) transition multiquantum well long wavelength infrared photodetector (LWIP) using a lightly strained In0.07Ga0.93As quantum well with a short-period Al0.4Ga0.6As -GaAs superlattice barrier structure has been developed. The new structure created a potential `step' in the superlattice barrier to block the undesirable electron tunneling current from the heavily doped ground state in the quantum well, which results in a significant reduction in the device dark current. The measured absorbance spectra and photocurrent are in good agreement with our theoretical predictions. The responsivity R(lambda ) at Vb equals 6 V and T equals 77 K was found equal to 0.2, 0.15 A/W for the backside, and front normal incident illumination, respectively.
A new planar high-speed dual wavelength InAlAs/InGaAs Schottky barrier photodiode with graded superlattice structure is reported. In the detector structure, the top wide band gap n-In(0.52)Al(0.48)As epilayer absorbs photons in the visible to near infrared spectrum with the peak response occurring around 0.8 micron, and the bottom n-In(0.53)Ga(0.47)As epilayer absorbs photons in the 1.0 to 1.6 micron wavelength regime with the peak response occurring at 1.3 micron. The detector is capable of detecting and demultiplexing at both short and long wavelengths simultaneously without the complication of additional components. The response speed measured by the impulse response method is estimated to be about 3GHz.
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