Due to increasingly large computational resources, modern neural networks are severely constrained due to their processing speed and energy consumption. Optical neural networks (ONNs), which use photonic structures to process signals at the physical level as an alternative to the computation in the electronic domain provided by traditional neural networks, are an attractive approach to implementing ultra-high-speed, low-energy parallel computation. Nevertheless, current training processes for electronic domain neural networks are optimized from gradient-based training methods, such as backpropagation, not compatible with ONNs with gradient-free features. In this work, a stochastic function-based gradient-free training method, i.e., stochastic function direct feedback alignment (SF-DFA) is demonstrated and evaluated. SF-DFA trains a gradient-free system using stochastic matrices and functions to replace the weights and gradients of the nodes in neural networks. Thus, it is feasible to train ONNs without a prior knowledge of the photonic system and its gradients. In addition, implementing such training process on optical hardware is also known to be possible. A series of studies have been carried out for a spectral slicing neural network (SS-NN) architecture trained by SF-DFA. The SS-NN system uses bandpass filters embedded in optical fiber micro rings to enable slicing of the optical signal spectrum. Our results demonstrate that the training of ONN using SF-DFA can converge efficiently, with higher processing speed and lower energy consumption compared to back-propagation.
Distribute acoustic sensors (DAS) based on linear frequency modulation (LFM) has advantages flexible sensitivity adjusting and less affection from interference fading. The time delay estimation (TDE) is commonly used in interferogram movement caused by frequency shift compensation to acquire quantitative strain. While, jump demodulation error may occur when large dynamic strain is applied to detection fiber, limits the dynamic range of sensing system. In this paper, we established a frequency band characteristic model of LFM-DAS optical signal envelope, the relationship between phase change and interferogram envelope shift in different bands is investigated. The simulation and experiment result shown that envelope of high frequency band has lower energy and SNR. Low-pass Filters (LPF) related can used to stabilize the envelope shape and increased correlation coefficient. In addition, part of the jump error is eliminated, which enhances the strain demodulation accuracy. 41.2 km, 100Hz, 53.81nε sinusoidal disturbance DAS has been realized based on LFM pulse. The root-mean-square error (RMS) is 3.191, Power spectral density (PSD) is 60.14 rad2/Hz.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) experience intense electrochemical reactions during high-rate charge/discharge cycles, resulting in significant differences in state characteristics between the inside and outside of the battery. However, most monitoring techniques are severely limited in safety and accuracy due to the intense redox reactions inside LIBs. Thus, we propose a highly stable fibre-optic microcavity sensor based on the Fabry-Perot (F-P) interference principle, which is capable of real-time, in-situ monitoring of the state characteristics inside the LIBs. The degree of electrochemical reactions inside the battery is reflected by extracting the internal gas pressure state characteristics of LIBs at different charging and discharging rates. This experimental result demonstrates that the voltage is closely related to the gas pressure inside the battery and that the cyclic gas pressure increases greatly with the charge/discharge rate increase. This fibre-optic sensing approach provides a promising tool for monitoring in-situ battery state characteristics and safety.
Biomarker assay has evolved into an invaluable complementary method for early screening and treatment diagnosis of tumors. Limited by the bulky devices, elaborate procedures, and poor detection accuracy, conventional methods fail to meet the demand for portable, universal, as well as high-precision detection. Herein, an optical fiber lossy mode resonance (LMR) immunoprobe implemented by ITO film as the lossy mode support layer is demonstrated for the detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a biomarker for prostate cancer (PCa). Theoretically, the refractive index sensing performance of the optical fiber LMR was verified by constructing a transmission matrix model, providing theoretical guidance for the application of optical fiber LMR sensors. The construction of the PSA immunoprobe was experimentally achieved by functionalizing the optical fiber LMR sensor. The relationship between wavelength shift and PSA concentration was quantified by resonance wavelength interrogation, and the detection limit (LOD) was calculated to be as low as 0.144 ng/mL, making it ideal for early risk management and prognostic diagnosis of PCa. For clinical application, multiple serum samples were analyzed by the optical fiber LMR immunoprobe with favorable precision. Taken together, this work demonstrates considerable promise in applications of label-free, low-cost, compact-size, and convenient early screening for suspected PCa.
Among fiber optic acoustic sensors, Fabry-Perot sensors have attracted increasing research attention due to their high sensitivity, simple structure, and ease of preparation. The vibrating diaphragm of Fabry-Perot sensors is the key to achieve high performance. Compared to traditional diaphragms based on metal or polymer, 2D materials with the features of high Young's modulus and ultra-thinness are ideal diaphragm materials for significantly enhancing the acoustic sensitivity and broadening frequency range of the sensors. In this work, graphene oxide is used as the vibrating diaphragm due to the water solubility and the ease of thin-film preparation. In order to improve the stability of the system, we have developed a phase demodulation method using three orthogonal signals. The three-path phase-shifting algorithm can eliminate the effect of DC offset from the unstable optical signal. Our graphene oxide-based Fabry-Perot acoustic sensor can test and demodulate the vibration signal in real-time, demonstrating long-term stability and insensitivity to changes in light intensity.
Distributed acoustic sensing technology is gaining attention as a valuable tool for seismic monitoring, oil and gas pipeline imaging, and underwater cable observation. Phase-sensitive Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (see abstract for this (phi -OTDR) is a popular technique within this field, known for its ability to recover high signal-to-noise ratio acoustic vibration signals. However, traditional see abstract for this phi-OTDR systems have limitations in observing both local microseismic events and strong seismic motions simultaneously and requiring months of data analysis and processing time. To address this, a fast recovery system based on multi-sideband pulse modulation is proposed. This system allows for simultaneous detection of different strain ranges at a low sampling rate, effectively managing large data volumes and enabling fast demodulation. This work will bring some inspiration to engineering applications and instrumentalization.
This paper is to introduce a high-robustness polarization-based optical fiber Fabry-Perot microphone system. This system features an extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (EFPI) sensor with a polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) diaphragm for signal detection. It is further integrated into a cross-correlation interrogation system using polarization low-coherence interference technology with a birefringent crystal. The interrogation system does not require an orthogonal relationship between the interference signals. Moreover, it can still work when the initial cavity length of the sensor drifts due to the influence of the environment. The experiments have been carried out to verify broadband signal and voice detection capability. The experimental results showcase several notable advantages of the proposed system, including a wide frequency range, high sensitivity. Consequently, the system holds tremendous potential for diverse practical engineering applications.
Phase interrogation method can effectively avoid the operational spacing problems of fiber-optic Fabry-Perot (F-P)sensors. Based on the principles of F-P interference and low coherence interference, polarizers and birefringent crystals are applied to construct signals with quadrature relationship. A four-quadrant inverse tangent operation is employed to accurately calculate the phase values. We have performed rapid, high-speed measurements of dynamic pressure with aF-P sensor. Experimental results show that the method can achieve real-time pressure measurements up to 3 MPa with an interrogation rate of 5 kHz. This research holds much promise for the promotion of interferometric based fiber-optic sensors and applications of pressure measurements.
We propose and demonstrate an optical fiber probe which can simultaneously detect low and high-wavenumber coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectrum of samples. The low and high-wavenumber resonance signals are excited by the pump pulses and dual-Stokes pulses which are generated by the soliton self-frequency shift. The optical fiber taper probe focuses and delivers CARS excitation pulses to the samples. The detection of low and high-wavenumber regions can be achieved by the characterization of CN triple stretching vibrations and CH stretching vibrations. The simultaneous low and high-wavenumber optical fiber CARS probe will enable wider applications of quantitative chemical detection in in vivo biomedical research.
A dynamic strain range extension method is proposed for fiber distributed sensing system based on dual-sideband frequency modulation pulse. Aiming at the problem of huge raw data and slow processing speed of the dual-sideband system, the RF circuit module scheme and corresponding algorithms are proposed to enhance the system's ability to apply to real-world scenarios. This study extends the range of measurable dynamic strain in the system and effectively tackles the challenges of storage and computational efficiency as data volume increases. It enhances the system's ability to adapt to complex environments.
Indium tin oxide (In2O3-SnO2-90/10 wt%, ITO) is a semiconductor material with excellent electrical conductivity. In this paper, ITO was deposited on a multimode optical fiber by magnetron sputtering technique and characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It is subsequently used as a working electrode in a three-electrode system to study its electrochemical behavior in different solutions. In 0.1 M KCl containing such redox probes as 1 mMofK3[Fe(CN)6] were discussed by Cyclic voltammetry (CV) method at different scan rates. The observed electrochemical processes are quasi-reversible and diffusion-controlled. The results of the investigation inject new vitality to enhance the intersection of electrochemistry and optics disciplines, and also lay the foundation for dual-domain determination.
KEYWORDS: Demodulation, Acoustics, Signal detection, Data acquisition, Signal processing, Optical fibers, Data processing, Spatial resolution, Optical sensing, Parallel computing
Distributed acoustic sensing technology has a wide range of applications such as seismology, mineral exploration, and so on. For practical application needs, we contributed to increase demodulation rate of optical fiber distribution acoustic sensing system. Aiming at the problem of large volume of signal acquisition data and long demodulation time, we proposed to apply a hardware circuit as a part of data acquisition system. We also applied a GPU-based fast processing algorithm to realize simultaneous calculation of different units. Through the combination of hardware and software, the fast signal demodulation based on low sampling rate was successfully realized.
Micro-cavity sustaining whispering gallery mode (WGM) has been widely used in physical parameter sensing and biosensing applications. We explored three type micro-cavity enhancement methods to realize highly sensitive optical fiber sensors. Firstly, optofluidic-enhanced micro-cavity optical fiber sensors are discussed. Secondly, optomechanical oscillation micro-cavity optical fiber sensor is introduced using a hollow silica microbubble cavity. Finally, fiber laser enhancement mechanism is proposed to avoid the difficulty in direct fabrication of active micro-cavity.
In this paper, a whisker array sensor for object surface shape measurement is designed and experimentally demonstrated. The developed sensor is based on a 4×4 whisker array with fiber Bragg grating, which imitates the structure of the facial whiskers of animals like mice and dogs. The surface shape reconstruction is based on the curvature information of each sensing point by measuring the wavelength shift of each fiber Bragg grating fixed on the whisker. The conversion coefficient between wavelength shift and bending curvature is obtained then the change of fiber Bragg grating is converted into corresponding bending curvature. The measurement error on the altitude of the whisker of each sensing point is about 1.2%. By curve fitting the curvature information of the whole fiber Bragg grating whisker array, the surface shape of the target surface is reconstructed. In this experiment, the spatial resolution of the sensor is 10 mm, which can theoretically meet the need of any spatial resolution by adjusting the measurement algorithm. The design successfully realizes surface shape sensing, which has important practical value in the field of robot tactile, in aviation and disaster relief.
This paper proposes a fiber optic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on the heterostructure of MoS2/WS2. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have been widely studied due to their high carrier mobility, excellent photoelectric properties and good biocompatibility. A heterostructure is constructed by two types of TMDCs (MoS2/WS2) and is used to improve the performance of the Ag layer coated fiber optic SPR sensor. The heterostructure film increases the integral of the electric field intensity on the surface of the sensor, thus improving the sensitivity of the sensor. The finite element analysis shows that the sensitivity of the sensor is as high as 3127.18 nm/RIU and the figure of merit is up to 70.04 RIU-1. The proposed sensor exhibits promising potential in the field of biochemical detection.
Microfluidic optomechanical device are a unique optofluidics platform that can exhibit optomechanical oscillation in the 10-20 MHz, driven by radiation pressure (RP). The resonant enhancement of both mechanical and optical response in microcavity optomechanical devices allows exquisitely sensitive measurements of environment stimuli (pressure, force, sound speed change) and non-solid states of matter (freely flowing particles, viscous fluids). In this work, we experimentally investigate temperature tuning of these hollow-shell oscillators. We also demonstrate the effect of temperature on the frequency domain of optical machine oscillation resonance shift and applied it to the field of temperature sensing. Our result is a step towards optomechanical sensor in the field of temperature.
A metal diaphragm-based airflow sensor based on fiber-optic Fabry-Perot (F-P) interference has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The sensor is composed of glass sleeving, ceramic ferrule and metal diaphragm. Through data calibration, a practical airflow sensor has been fabricated. As a result of the stainless steel diaphragm and open F-P cavity, the durability of the sensor is ensured, and it can be used in poor air quality environments. Experimental results in the airflow field show that the sensor has the potential to estimate the air quantity of high-speed airflow in various air conduit
The early diagnosis of myocardial infarction can significantly improve the survival rate in clinical medicine, therefore the high sensitivity detection of myocardial infarction biomarkers, such as creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cardiac troponin (cTn), is very important. In this work, a thin-wall microtubule whispering gallery modes (WGM) cavity biosensor to detect myocardial infarction marker has been achieved. The thin-wall microtubule WGM cavity is simply fabricated by tapering the silica capillary with oxyhydrogen flame. Using the self-polymerization effect of dopamine, the antibody is modified on the inner wall of the microtubule cavity to achieve specific capture of the cTnI-TnC complex protein. Moreover, by introducing the WGM microtubule cavity into the erbium-doped fiber laser cavity, the lasing wavelength can be utilized for the label-free detection of the myocardial infarction biomarker. The proposed microtubule cavity biosensor has advantages of inherent microfluidic channel, label-free detection and low detection limit, making itself a potential sensing platform in early diagnosis of heart disease.
The orthogonal phase demodulation method can effectively avoid the problem of the working interval of the optical fiber Fabry-Perot (F-P) sensor and has high accuracy. Based on the principle of the low-coherence interference, polarizers and birefringent crystals are used to construct signals with orthogonal relationships in the orthogonal phase demodulation system. Four-quadrant inverse tangent operation is used to accurately calculate the phase value. In order to verify the frequency band response of the demodulation system, the acoustic signals of frequencies in the range of 200 Hz-25 kHz are interrogated. Experimental results show that the orthogonal phase demodulation system can be appled to demodulate the signals of wide frequency band. The research has value for the promotion and application of orthogonal phase demodulation system based on birefringent crystals and polarization technology
Distributed acoustic sensing technology has unique advantage in diverse applications, such as seismology, mineral exploration, and so on. We explored the methods to increase measurement range, distance and speed, which are the most important requirement for field deployment. Heterogeneous sideband linear frequency modulated optical pulse with different frequency modulated bandwidth was used to realize simultaneous measurement of acoustic events in different dynamic ranges. Weak fiber Bragg gratings and phase of constructed single frequency were proposed for long distance sensing. Fast processing algorithm based on a graphics processing unit for a linear frequency modulation pulse demodulation was realized. The experiment results verified our methods well.
We propose and demonstrate a coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopic fiber probe based on a tapered optical fiber. The fiber probe prepared by the fiber heating fused and tapered method ensures that the output optical power density is high enough to excite the CARS signal. We have been able to detect Raman spectra of various chemical samples. The CARS fiber probe has the potential to achieve high spatial resolution. These results pave the way for flexibility and miniaturization of CARS probes
An optical fiber refractive index (RI) sensor based on open microcavity Mach-Zehnder interferometer (OMZI) and fiber ring laser (FRL) is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. The OMZI is manufactured by splicing a tiny single mode fiber (SMF) segment with multi-mode fiber (MMF) joints laterally. The large offset structure forms an open microcavity which can be filled with the liquid under test. Through inserting the OMZI into an erbium-doped FRL, the RI measurement can be achieved by discriminating the lasing wavelength, and the detection limit (DL) can be effectively improved owing to the laser sensing spectrum with narrower 3-dB bandwidth and higher optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR). Experimental results show that the output laser wavelength has a linear response to the RI change with a sensitivity of −2947.818 nm/RIU during the range of 1.33302~1.33402, and the DL is as low as 5.89×10−6 RIU. Compared with other optical fiber RI sensors, the proposed fiber laser RI sensor with an open microcavity has the advantages of small size, high sensitivity and low DL, making itself a competitive candidate for the microfluidic RI measurement in biochemistry.
We propose and demonstrate single optical fiber tweezers based on graded-index multimode fiber (MMF) which can adjust captured microparticles position in pendulum-style. The optical fiber tweezers can capture the yeast cell stably in three dimensions and swing the yeast cell 57.5 degrees around the fiber tip like a pendulum. The optical fiber tweezers are fabricated by asymmetrical fiber heating fused and tapered method. The capture and swing functions of the proposed optical fiber tweezers provide a new manipulation method for biomedical field.
Silicon and sapphire crystal materials have excellent thermal stability and heat transfer characteristics, making them widely used in the field of high temperature sensing. Based on the optical properties of silicon and sapphire crystals, we have fabricated two different kinds of extrinsic optical fiber Fabry-Perot high temperature sensors and matching signal transmission waveguides to investigate the effects of different temperature-sensitive materials on the response speed of the high temperature sensors. The first kind of sensor uses a C-plane double-sided polished sapphire wafer as the temperature sensing element. Heterogeneous fiber splicing between sapphire fiber and multimode silica fiber is realized for long-distance transmission of interference signals. The second kind of sensor uses a single-crystal silicon wafer as the temperature sensing element. Single-mode optical fiber of silicon dioxide is used as transmission waveguide. A series of high temperature assault experiments for heating and cooling processes from room temperature to 800°C, were performed on the two kinds of sensors to investigate their difference on the temperature response speed. In the experiment, the response time of the sapphire fiber high temperature sensor in the heating section is 38s, and the response time in the cooling section is 31.6s. The response time of the silicon-based fiber high temperature sensor in the heating section is 35.8s, and the response time in the cooling section is 28.2s. Due to the higher thermal conductivity of silicon, the silicon-based fiber sensor responded 5.78% faster than the sapphire fiber sensor in the temperature rise experiment and 10.85% faster than the sapphire fiber sensor in the temperature drop experiment
We demonstrate a method for fabricating a fiber sensor which is based on the Mach-Zehnder interference principle and used to the curvature sensing. By using of the CO2 laser fusion, a standard single-mode fiber surface forms a collapse, which is asymmetrical in the normal direction. When the core mode of the transmitted light enters the fusion region, a portion of the light will enter the cladding of the fiber and transport as cladding modes. The cladding modes are sensitive to the external environment and the deformations of the structure. When the cladding modes leave the fusion region, they are re-coupled into the core. Mach-Zehnder interference occurs between the cladding modes and the core mode. The transmission spectrum of the sensor at 1460 nm changes with the curvature. The average sensitivities of the sensor to curvature sensing on the two directions are up to 4.941nm/m-1 and -1.933nm/m-1. This characteristic of the sensor could be used to sense the degree and direction of the curvature of constructions. The curvature sensor we proposed is simple, reproducible and low-cost. It offers a promising applications in construction health monitoring.
In this paper, we propose and investigate a novel long period fiber grating (LPFG) refractive index (RI) sensor, which is inscribed in a two-mode fiber and coated with the zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film. According to the coupled mode theory, the resonant wavelength, which appears at approximately 1550 nm, originates from the mode coupling between the LP11 core mode and the sixth order cladding mode. As a comparison, single-mode LPFGs (LPFG-SMFs) with and without ZnO thin film are fabricated and they are formed by coupling light from the LP01 core mode into the sixth order cladding mode. The sensing performance is researched by observing the shift of resonant wavelength with the increasing of surrounding refractive index (SRI) in the range from 1.3300 to 1.4577. The experimental results demonstrate that LPFG inscribed in a two-mode fiber (LPFG-TMF) has a higher RI sensitivity than the LPFG-SMF. And the LPFGs with coated ZnO thin film can achieve a higher RI sensitivity than the bare LPFGs in the mode transition region. The highest sensitivity of LPFG-TMF coated with ZnO thin film reaches 7578.94nm/RIU in the RI region between 1.4558 and 1.4577, which is 23.90 and 38.69 times higher than the bare LPFG-TMF and LPFG-SMF coated with ZnO thin film, respectively. The proposed sensor offers a promising platform to achieve a higher sensitivity for SRI.
Shield tunneling machine is a kind of special engineering equipment used for underground construction, which plays an important role on city development. Automatic segment assembly can significantly improve the operation efficiency and ensure the safety of workers. In this paper we present an automatic segment assembly method of shield tunneling machine based on multiple optoelectronic sensors, which includes laser displacement sensors (LDSs) and smart cameras. The LDSs are used to get the level difference information by measuring the distance between the erector and the corresponding segments, and the gap of the segments is achieved through sense the mating surfaces of both the under assembly and previously assembled segments by the smart cameras. Experiments were conducted to confirm the performance of the proposed method. The results demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the method.
A fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensing method based on phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry combined with dual-chirped pulse and micro-reflective fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is proposed. The sensing fiber consists of a micro-reflective FBG with uniform spatial interval. The micro-reflective FBG help to gain a high signalto-noise ratio light signal, comparing with the Rayleigh backscattering (RBS) light of optical fiber itself. The dualchirped pulses are generated by a time delay, whose corresponding spatial interval approximately equal to twice the spatial interval of adjacent micro-reflective FBG. A beating signal is generated due to the interference of the two identical chirped pulses reflected by the micro-reflective FBG array. Acoustic disturbance between the microreflective fiber gratings will change the phase of the beating signal and the interference waveform will shift. Quantitative measurement can be achieved by directly demodulating the beating signal through using a crosscorrelation algorithm. By using such a method to perform the sensing for the micro-reflective FBG array, distributed quantitative measurement can be realized with only direct detection scheme and simple demodulation algorithm. Experiment are carried out with 2km fiber and PZT vibration simulation and the results verified the effectiveness of our method.
The shield method is one of subsurface excavation method in underground construction. It’s a fully mechanized construction method using shield machine. However, the process of segment assembly now mainly relies on manual work, controlling the assembly robots by experience. This work aims to aid the automation of precise movement control of the assembly robot, especially the movements of sliding, rotating, and deflecting directions. It proposes a new method using multiple imaging sensors to collect image information needed for automatic assembly of segments, and uses information extraction, size measurement and other real-time image processing to determine the spatial attitude of the three directions of the segments to be assembled. By Importing the data into an automation solution, the segments could move along the correct path. Experiments are conducted to test the performance and reliability of the proposed method in an actual underground working environment. The results are validated by successful bolting process in the actual subway construction, showing several different types of segments can move to the correct assembly position and the process is reproducible. Some disadvantages of the method are discussed, and suggestions for improvements are suggested. The proposed method has the potential to be adopted to enable the automation of segment assembly in shield method and may be applied to actual construction.
A hybrid fiber grating for refractive index (RI) measurement with temperature compensation is reported and experimentally validated. The sensor is fabricated successively by inscribing long period grating (LPG) and tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) in the same region of an optical fiber in sequence. The measured RI at different temperature agreed well with the standard value. The RI sensitivities is 579.36 nm/RIU.
We propose a miniaturized fiber optic fabry-perot pressure measuring system, which consists of two parts: ultra-high pressure sensor with embedded MEMS Fabry-Perot cavity and miniaturized phase demodulation system, for marine pressure measurement. The ultra-high pressure sensor have been analyzed and proved to meet the requirements of the full ocean pressure measurement by analyzing mechanical and optical characteristics. In order to meet the application demands of marine pressure measurement, the pressure fatigue test and hydrostatic pressure test have been carried out. The test results show that the pressure measuring system has a stable response relationship between the absolute phase and pressure in the range of 2–120 MPa, and no significant changes was found neither in four consecutive months of ultra-high pressure tests. The repeated error of system is less than 0.012MPa at 60MPa. The miniaturized measuring system can be applied to the ocean profiling measurement plan named the Argo plan.
We propose a real-time monitoring method for shield tunnel boring machine cutter wear based on chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG). We use the chirped fiber Bragg grating as the wear detection sensor. When the wear occurs at the end face of the wear detection sensor (the end face of chirped fiber Bragg grating), the grating area of the chirped fiber Bragg grating will shorten with the occurrence of wear, which causes the bandwidth of the grating reflection spectrum to be narrowed, and the correlation theory of the fiber Bragg grating is used to calculate the wear rate. Experimental data shows that the sensor can survive in the actual operating conditions of the shield tunnel boring machine. After calibration, measurement accuracy can less than 1mm, and it can be used for real time wear detection of large machinery, such as shield tunnel boring machine.
Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) microscopy has attracted lots of attention because of the advantages, such as noninvasive, label-free, chemical specificity, intrinsic three-dimension spatial resolution and so on. However, the temporal overlap of pump and Stokes has not been solved owing to the ultrafast optical pulse used in CARS microscopy. We combine interference spectrum of residual pump in Stokes path and nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLSE) to realize the temporal overlap of pump pulse and Stokes pulse. At first, based on the interference spectrum of pump pulse and residual pump in Stokes path, the optical delay is defined when optical path difference between pump path and Stokes path is zero. Then the relative optical delay between Stokes pulse and residual pump in PCF can be calculated by NLSE. According to the spectrum interference and NLSE, temporal overlap of pump pulse and Stokes pulse will be realized easily and the imaging speed will be improved in CARS microscopy.
In this paper, a double-sideband heterogeneous with suppressed carrier (DSBH-SC) pulse modulation method for fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensing is proposed. An electro-optic in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) modulator is used to realize carrier-suppressed double-sideband heterogeneous pulse modulation in which the positive and the negative optical sidebands can carry independent modulation signals. Due to the modulation curve of the electro-optic I/Q modulator irregularly, the factors that influence the performance of the DSBH-SC are analyzed from modulation amplitude and frequency. The analysis shows that the constant frequency modulation on the lower optical sideband while a stable wide band linear frequency chirping on the upper optical sideband can be obtain in appropriate modulation conditions. It presents a method of digital subcarrier modulation for distributed optical sensing.
In this paper, an optical fiber Fabry–Perot (F-P) pressure sensor based on micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) techniques is presented. We use SOI wafer and Pyrex glass wafer with micro-circular shallow pit array to fabricate the sealed F-P cavity structure by employing Au-Au thermal-compression bonding technique which avoids the gas releasing due to chemical reaction during anodic bonding process. The loaded pressure on the silicon diaphragm is transferred to cavity length information and measured by using polarization low-coherence interference demodulator. The response range and sensitivity of this pressure sensor can be simply altered by adjusting the parameters of radius and thickness of silicon diaphragm. This batch fabrication process is helpful for keeping performance consistency of the sensors. Fabrication and experimental investigation of the sensors are described. Results show that the sensor exhibits a relatively linear response within the pressure variation range of 3-283kPa with a sensitivity of 23.63 nm/kPa and the repeatability of the sensor is about 0.119%F.S. Additionally, the temperature dependency is approximately linear with 1.7nm/°C from -20°C to 70°C.
The reflected intensity change of the Bloch-surface-wave (BSW) resonance influenced by the loss of a truncated onedimensional photonic crystal structure is numerically analyzed and studied in order to enhance the sensitivity of the Bloch-surface-wave-based sensors. The finite truncated one-dimensional photonic crystal structure is designed to be able to excite BSW mode for water (n=1.33) as the external medium and for p-polarized plane wave incident light. The intensity interrogation scheme which can be operated on a typical Kretschmann prism-coupling configuration by measuring the reflected intensity change of the resonance dip is investigated to optimize the sensitivity. A figure of merit (FOM) is introduced to measure the performance of the one-dimensional photonic crystal multilayer structure under the scheme. The detection sensitivities are calculated under different device parameters with a refractive index change corresponding to different solutions of glycerol in de-ionized (DI)-water. The results show that the intensity sensitivity curve varies similarly with the FOM curve and the sensitivity of the Bloch-surface-wave sensor is greatly affected by the device loss, where an optimized loss value can be got. For the low-loss BSW devices, the intensity interrogation sensing sensitivity may drop sharply from the optimal value. On the other hand, the performance of the detection scheme is less affected by the higher device loss. This observation is in accordance with BSW experimental sensing demonstrations as well. The results obtained could be useful for improving the performance of the Bloch-surface-wave sensors for the investigated sensing scheme.
KEYWORDS: Polarization, Signal detection, Control systems, Sensors, Lab on a chip, Optical amplifiers, Modulators, Sensing systems, Modulation, Particle swarm optimization
In digital coherent optical time domain reflectometer (coherent-OTDR) system, a dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator (DP-MZM) is employed to modulate the signal light and to generate frequency-shifted pulse light. However, the environment temperature strongly influent the stability of the DP-MZM. To stabilize the quality of the frequency-shifted pulse light, we proposed a bias control method to keep the modulator at the optimum bias. This bias control method search for the optimum bias by changing three bias voltages at the same time based on chaotic particle swarm optimization algorithm(PSO). The experimental results show obvious effect on locating the optimum bias voltages for the DP-MZM.
In a typical laminar optical tomography (LOT) system, the dip-angle between the incident light (or the emitting light) and the normal of the detection plane randomly changes during raster-scanning. The inconstant dip-angle causes consistency between the measurement and the light transportation model where a fixed dip-angle of the incident light is generally required. To eliminate the effect from this dip angle, methods such as keeping the angle unchangeable by moving the phantom instead of scanning the light were investigated. In this paper, a LOT system with small dip-angle over the whole detection range is developed. Simulation and experimental evaluation show that the dip-angle of the modified system is much smaller than that of the traditional system. For example, the relative angle between the two incident light at (x=0mm, y=0mm) and (x=0mm, y=2.5mm) on the image plane is about 0.7° for the traditional system while that is only about 0.02° for the modified system. The main parameters of the system are also evaluated and an image reconstruction algorithm is developed based on Monte Carlo simulation. The reconstructed images show that the spatial resolution and quantitative ratio is improved by the modified system without loss of the scanning speed.
Most analytical methods for describing light propagation in turbid medium exhibit low effectiveness in the near-field of a collimated source. Motivated by the Charge Simulation Method in electromagnetic theory as well as the established discrete source based modeling, we have reported on an improved explicit model, referred to as "Virtual Source" (VS) diffuse approximation (DA), to inherit the mathematical simplicity of the DA while considerably extend its validity in modeling the near-field photon migration in low-albedo medium. In this model, the collimated light in the standard DA is analogously approximated as multiple isotropic point sources (VS) distributed along the incident direction. For performance enhancement, a fitting procedure between the calculated and realistic reflectances is adopted in the nearfield to optimize the VS parameters (intensities and locations). To be practically applicable, an explicit 2VS-DA model is established based on close-form derivations of the VS parameters for the typical ranges of the optical parameters. The proposed VS-DA model is validated by comparing with the Monte Carlo simulations, and further introduced in the image reconstruction of the Laminar Optical Tomography system.
Monitoring corrosion of steel reinforcing bars is critical for the durability and safety of reinforced concrete structures. Corrosion sensors based on fiber optic have proved to exhibit meaningful benefits compared with the conventional electric ones. In recent years, Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) has been used as a new kind of sensing element in an attempt to directly monitor the corrosion in concrete structure due to its remarkable advantages. In this paper, we present a novel kind of FBG based rebar corrosion monitoring sensor. The rebar corrosion is detected by volume expansion of the corroded rebar by transferring it to the axial strain of FBG when concrete structure is soaked in salt water. An accelerated salt water corrosion test was performed. The experiment results showed the corrosion can be monitored effectively and the corrosion rate is obtained by volume loss rate of rebar.
We fabricated MEMS-based optical fiber pressure sensor with anodic bonding. The vacuum-sealed microcavity with
a thin silicon diaphragm is used as sensing element and its deformation characteristics determine the pressure
measurement performance. Considering residual gas inside Fabry-Perot cavity and the thermal properties of material, we
established a sensor’s temperature response mathematical model based on ideal gas equation and elastic theory.
Temperature experiment of this sensor was carried out under vacuum. This work will provide a guide of temperature
compensation process for achieving high precision pressure measurement.
We present an effective method to compensate the spatial-frequency nonlinearity for polarized low-coherence
interferometer with location-dependent dispersion element. Through the use of location-dependent dispersive
characteristics, the method establishes the exact relationship between wave number and discrete Fourier transform (DFT)
serial number. The jump errors in traditional absolute phase algorithm are also avoided with nonlinearity compensation.
We carried out experiments with an optical fiber Fabry-Perot (F-P) pressure sensing system to verify the effectiveness.
The demodulated error is less than 0.139kPa in the range of 170kPa when using our nonlinearity compensation process
in the demodulation.
Optical fiber sensor has great advantage for applications dealing with extreme environment. We developed a high
precision optical pressure sensor for aviation industry. The optical pressure sensor is based on two-beam interference of
microcavity and is fabricated with Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and laser fusion technology. The cavity
length variation resulting from external pressure is demodulated with spatial polarization low coherence interference unit
and a high stable phase demodulation algorithm. The effect of light source output parameter is also investigated. We
carried out research on optical fiber strain, temperature and acoustic vibration sensor for aerospace application. The
optical fiber sensors for strain and temperature measurement are based on fiber Bragg grating(FBG).Both bare FBG and
packaged FBG performances under cryogenic temperature and high vacuum are investigated. An eight-channel parallel
FBG wavelength interrogator is developed. The optical fiber acoustic vibration sensor is based on two-beam interference
of microcavity and use intensity demodulation method for high speed response. The mutiple-parameter and multiplepoint
measurement instrument is successfully applied to status monitoring of water sublimator.
A novel demodulation algorithm, comprising of a calibration algorithm and improved linear fitting phase-shift algorithm,
is proposed for optical fiber sensing system based on low-coherence interference. The calibration algorithm is used to
identify the fringe order. Traditional phase-shift algorithm is improved to get the linear fitting curve of the relative phase
corresponding to zero-order fringe and the peak position is retrieved from its zero point. Comparing with Fourier based
algorithms, the computation of proposed algorithm is small (approximately 25 times faster) while sustains high precision
with 2nm maximum error of cavity length. Experiments were carried out to verify the performance.
Nowadays seals play an important role in China. With the development of social economy, the traditional method of
manual check seal identification can't meet the need s of banking transactions badly.
This paper focus on pre-processing and registration algorithm for check seal verification using theory of image
processing and pattern recognition. First of all, analyze the complex characteristics of check seals. To eliminate the
difference of producing conditions and the disturbance caused by background and writing in check image, many methods
are used in the pre-processing of check seal verification, such as color components transformation, linearity transform to
gray-scale image, medium value filter, Otsu, close calculations and labeling algorithm of mathematical morphology.
After the processes above, the good binary seal image can be obtained.
On the basis of traditional registration algorithm, a double-level registration method including rough and precise
registration method is proposed. The deflection angle of precise registration method can be precise to 0.1°.
This paper introduces the concepts of difference inside and difference outside and use the percent of difference inside
and difference outside to judge whether the seal is real or fake. The experimental results of a mass of check seals are
satisfied. It shows that the methods and algorithmic presented have good robustness to noise sealing conditions and
satisfactory tolerance of difference within class.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.