Fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based high-temperature sensor with enhanced-temperature range and stability has been developed and tested. The sensor consists of an FBG and a mechanical transducer, which furnishes a linear temperature-dependent tensile strain on FBG by means of differential linear thermal expansion of two different ceramic materials. The designed sensor is tested over a range: 20°C to 1160°C and is expected to measure up to 1500°C.
A high-temperature sensor using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) integrated with a transducer has been designed, developed, and tested. The transducing element furnishes temperature-dependent tensile strain on FBG by means of differential linear thermal expansion of two different materials—mild steel and stainless steel. The designed sensor is compact, cost effective, and measures temperatures between 20°C and 1000°C. The electrical means output of the sensor against applied temperature is found to be fitted with a second-degree polynomial. The achieved resolution at room temperature is 2°C and is found to be better when moving toward higher temperatures. However, by optimizing the materials and physical dimensions of the transducer, it is possible to improve the temperature range and performance of the sensor.
A low-cost and high-resolution interrogation scheme for a long-period fiber grating (LPG) temperature sensor with adjustable temperature range has been designed, developed and tested. In general LPGs are widely used as optical sensors and can be used as optical edge filters to interrogate the wavelength encoded signal from sensors such as fiber Bragg grating (FBG) by converting it into intensity modulated signal. But the interrogation of LPG sensors using FBG is a bit novel and it is to be studied experimentally. The sensor works based on measurement of shift in attenuation band of LPG corresponding to the applied temperature. The wavelength shift of LPG attenuation band is monitored using an optical spectrum analyser (OSA). Further the bulk and expensive OSA is replaced with a low-cost interrogation system that employ an FBG, photodiode and a transimpedance amplifier (TIA). The designed interrogation scheme makes the system low-cost, fast in response, and also enhances its resolution up to 0.1°C. The measurable temperature range using the proposed scheme is limited to 120 °C. However this range can be shifted within 15-450 °C by means of adjusting the Bragg wavelength of FBG.
This paper reports a simple technique for hydraulic pressure measurement with enhanced resolution using a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and a metal spring which acts as transducer. The sensor works by means of measuring the Bragg wavelength shift of FBG caused by the longitudinal elongation of optical fiber due to applied pressure. Experimental results show that the sensor possesses good linearity and repeatability in pressure measurement ranging over 0 to 55 bar, with a sensitivity of 57.7 pm/bar. A wavelength-intensity interrogation scheme using single-multiple-single-mode fiber structure is designed for FBG sensor, which enabled the system to be compact, lightweight, inexpensive, and high resolution.
A novel sensor for high-temperature measurement using Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) has been designed and simulated. The sensor works based on measurement of the shift in Bragg wavelength that corresponds to the temperature induced strain by making use of a mechanical transducer. The transducing element provides temperature dependent strain on FBG by means of differential linear thermal expansion of two different ceramic materials: Alumina and Silicon Carbide. The designed sensor can measure the temperatures from 20°C to 1500°C.
A fiber Bragg grating (FBG)–based high-temperature sensor accompanied by a low-cost interrogation scheme with liquid-crystal display (LCD) has been designed, developed, and tested. The sensor probe is configured by encapsulating a femtosecond laser drawn FBG with an aluminum nitride capillary tube, and is used to measure the temperature from 20°C to 650°C. The interrogation system consists of a long period fiber grating, two photodiodes, a 2-channel transimpedance amplifier, and a field-programmable gate array with an LCD. It displays the temperature directly in °C with a resolution of 1°C. The sensor output is found to be linear with coefficient of 0.999, and independent of source power fluctuations. The results showed that the sensor has good accuracy with a negligible error bar of ±1.23%.
A novel sensor for high-temperature measurement using Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) along with its low-cost interrogation system has been designed and tested. The sensor works based on measurement of the shift in Bragg wavelength that corresponds to the temperature induced strain by making use of a mechanical transducer. The transducing element provides temperature dependent strain on FBG by means of differential linear thermal expansion of two different materials, stainless steel and mild steel. The shift in Bragg wavelength of FBG due to this temperature induced strain is measured by using optical spectrum analyser (OSA). Further the bulk and expensive OSA is replaced by a low cost interrogation system that employed an LPG, a photodiode, a transimpedance amplifier, and a digital multimeter. The LPG converts wavelength information of FBG into its equivalent intensity modulated signal which is captured by a simple photodiode and then converted into voltage signal using the transimpedance amplifier. The designed sensor measures the temperature from 20°C to 1000°C with a resolution of 2°C.
This article demonstrates use of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor for in situ monitoring of vacuum process with high sensitivity. The sensor head consists of a commercial syringe barrel with plunger, metal spring, pressure chamber, FBG and safeguarding outer tube. The sensor is configured by firmly fixing the FBG between the plunger and the rigid support provided to the safeguarding tube. Under vacuum process the metal spring facilitates the FBG to get strained in axial direction which results in shift of Bragg wavelength of FBG. The Bragg wavelength shift of FBG is found to be linear with respect to vacuum pressure with a linear coefficient of 0.9988. Pressure sensitivity of the sensor is found to be 27 pm/cm Hg. The sensor design is simple, low-cost and has the advantage of all fiber optic sensors.
A method is proposed to minimize the effect of temperature on a long-period fiber grating (LPG), enabling its effective use for the interrogation of wavelength-modulated fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. The temperature dependence of LPG is compensated by means of creating the opposite effect from the temperature-induced strain, attributed by appropriately encapsulating in a specially designed Teflon tube. The encapsulated LPG has achieved six times stabilization over the bare LPG response for the temperature range of 20°C to 50°C. Application of the athermalized LPG for interrogation of an FBG-based temperature sensor is experimentally demonstrated.
A simple seismic vibration sensor is designed using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) with aid of an inverted spring-mass system. An inertial mass is attached to the spring enables to oscillate in axial direction only when it is subjected to seismic vibration (P-wave). The spring mass system facilitates free motion only in one direction that is parallel to the base. An interrogation system is developed using Single mode-Multimode- Single mode (SMS) configuration to monitor the Bragg wavelength shift of FBG into its equivalent optical intensity modulation corresponding to the seismic vibration. The experimental results show that proposed sensor is capable of measuring the vibrations of frequency over the range of 2-20Hz. Further, it is evident from the results that the sensor is highly sensitive at 7.5Hz represents the resonance frequency of the designed sensor system. The range of the frequency measurement can be optimized by changing the spring parameters or overhead weight (mass) and also the position of the FBG attached between the spring and support. Thus designed sensor head enables low-cost measurement and fast response in real time applications.
A temperature independent high sensitive pressure sensing system using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and ‘C’ shaped Bourdon tube (CBT) is demonstrated. The sensor is configured by firmly fixing the FBG (FBG1) between free and fixed ends of the CBT. Additional FBG (FBG2) in line to the FBG1 is introduced which is shielded from the external pressure, tend to measure only the ambient temperature fluctuations. The CBT has an elliptical cross section where its free end is sealed and the fixed end is open for subjecting the liquid or gas pressure to be measured. With the application of pressure, the free end of CBT tends to straighten out results in an axial strain in FBG1 causes red shift in Bragg wavelength. The pressure can be determined by measuring the shift of the Bragg wavelength. The experimental pressure sensitivity is found to be 66.9 pm/psi over a range of 0 to 100 psi. The test results show that the Bragg wavelength shift is linear corresponds to change in applied pressure and well agreed with the simulated results. This simple and high sensitive design is capable of measuring static/dynamic pressure and temperature simultaneously which suits for industrial applications.
A simple fiber optic vibration sensor is designed and demonstrated using fiber optic fused 2×2 coupler that utilized the principle of reflected light intensity modulation. In order to avoid source signal power fluctuations and fiber bending losses, the rational output (RO) technique is adopted. A calibrated 1-mm linear and high sensitivity of 0.36 a.u./mm (2.1 mV/μm ) region of the displacement characteristic curve is considered for vibration measurement. The experimental results show that the sensor is capable of measuring the frequency up to 3500 Hz with ∼0.03−μm resolution of vibration amplitude over a dynamic range of 0 to 1 mm. The signal-to-noise ratio of the RO is also improved with respect to the sensing signal. In comparison with dual-fiber and bifurcated-bundle fiber, the designed sensor consists only of a single slope that makes the sensor alignment simple by eliminating the dark region and front slope. Simplicity in design, noncontact measurement, high degree of sensitivity, and economical, along with advantages of fiber optic sensors, are the attractive attributes of the designed sensor that lend support to real-time monitoring and embedded applications.
The present work proposes a simple low cost sensor head design making use of FBG sensor, for the measurement of
liquid level. The sensor head consists of a lever, a buoyancy tube and an FBG. The lever is used to transfer the buoyancy
force due to change in liquid level to the FBG resulting in shift in Bragg wavelength. The Flexibility of this design
enables to measure the liquid level in an open or closed tank. The arrangement shows that liquid level sensitivity is high
and is 10.7pm/mm.
KEYWORDS: Sensors, Fiber optics sensors, Fiber optics, Modulation, Vibrometry, Signal to noise ratio, Signal detection, Signal attenuation, Calibration, Light
A simple geometrical fiber optic vibration sensor is designed and demonstrated using fiber optic fused 2x2 coupler that utilizes the principle of reflection intensity modulation. The rational output is used to avoid the effects of source signal power fluctuations and fiber bending losses. The calibrated 1mm linear region of the displacement characteristic curve of the sensor having high sensitivity of 2.1 mV/mm (0.36 a.u. /mm) is considered for vibration measurement. The experimental results show that the sensor is capable to measure the frequency up to 3500 Hz with ~0.03μm resolution of vibration amplitude over a dynamic range of 0-1mm. The SNR of the rational output is also improved with respect to the sensing signal. In comparison with dual-fiber and bifurcated-bundle fiber, this sensor eliminates the dark region and front slope which facilitates the easy alignment. The simplicity of design, non-contact measurement, high degree of sensitivity, economical along with advantages of fiber optic sensors are attractive attributes of the designed sensor that lend to real time monitoring and embedded applications.
A fiber-optic sensor scheme, capable of the simultaneous measurement of pressure and temperature using two in-line Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) is reported. Sensor head is configured by embedding the two FBGs with metal bellows, such that FBG1 is sensitive to both pressure and temperature, whereas FBG2 is only sensitive to temperature. High pressure sensitivity is achieved because of the lower spring rate in longitudinal direction to that of the large elastic modulus in transverse direction of the metal bellows. Pressure and temperature measurement is made by monitoring the shift of Bragg wavelengths of the FBGs corresponds to variation in pressure and temperature. From the test results, the obtained pressure and temperature sensitivities are 86 pm/psi and 9.17 pm/°C, over a dynamic range of 0-40 psi pressure, and 25-110°C temperature measurements respectively. The experimental results well agreed with the theoretical results and show good linearity. This simple design, economical and all fiber optic sensors can be used for liquid and gas pressure measurements, and under-water applications.
The performances of two liquid level sensors based on Fiber Bragg grating are studied. The Fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) are sensitive to strain and temperature. We investigate on enhancement of strain sensitivity of the FBG for liquid level measurement. Two different sensor heads arrangement are fabricated to exploit the strain sensitivity of FBG and use it for the liquid level measurement. The measurement sensitivity of a FBG based fiber optic liquid level sensor can be improved by controlling the parameter such as diameter of the FBG.
A simple noncontact fiber optic vibration sensor is designed using multimode fiber optic coupler. The sensor works on
principle of reflection intensity modulation. A single fiber port of the coupler is used as sensing head. A linear change in
light intensity during its displacement from the reflecting surface within 1 mm of linear region shows a high sensitivity
of 2.45 mV/μm which is used for the vibration measurement. Experimental results show that the sensor has the
capability of measuring vibrations of frequencies up to 1300 Hz with ~1μm resolution of vibration amplitude over a
range of 0-1mm. In comparison with dual-fiber and bifurcated-bundle fiber, this sensor eliminates the dark region and
front slope which facilitates the easy alignment. The high degrees of sensitivity, economical along with advantages of
fiber optic sensors are attractive attributes of the designed sensor that lend support to real time monitoring and embedded
applications.
An intensity based fiber optic liquid level sensor for continuous measurement is described. The sensing principle is based on intensity of reflected light which is disturbed by the change in proximity of the fiber probe and the reflector. A Mechanical CAM is used in the sensing arrangement. It converts the rotatory motion into a linear displacement. As the liquid level raises, rotation of the CAM takes place and the CAM follower connected to it moves linearly. A reflector which is attached to the end of the CAM follower reflect the incident light. As the displacement of reflector occur the intensity of reflected light also changes and is a measure of change in liquid level. The prototype designed sensor can sense liquid level upto 17cm. The proposed sensor can find potential applications in transportation and process industries.
A high sensitive pressure sensor based on Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) integrated with a thin metal diaphragm was
designed and demonstrated. To enhance the pressure sensitivity FBG is firmly glued across the diameter of the
diaphragm. Under pressure, the diaphragm deforms and produces an induced strain along the length of the fiber causes
shift in Bragg wavelength of the FBG. Pressure measurement is made by measuring the Bragg wavelength shift against
change in pressure. The sensor was tested up to the maximum pressure of 140 psi and the corresponding pressure
sensitivity was found to be 0.0204 nm/psi, which is approximately 970 times higher than that can be achieved with a
bare FBG. The experimental results show good agreement with the theoretical results and possess good linearity and
repeatability. This sensor can be used for the measurement of medium pressure, liquid level and depth of underwater.
In this work half the length of the single FBG is chemically etched and the un-etched half is glued on a cantilever. The response of the grating is investigated as a function for buoyancy force on the cantilever due to liquid level and temperature. Simultaneous measurement of liquid level and temperature is achieved from the coefficients of liquid level and temperature sensitivities obtained from the experimental results.
A single mode fiber optic vibration senor is designed and demonstrated to monitor the vibration of a simply
supported beam. A rectangular beam (length 30.8 cm, width 2.5cm and thickness 0.5mm) made of spring-steel is
arranged as simply supported beam and is made to vibrate periodically. To sense the vibrations a telecommunication
fiber is chemically etched such that its diameter reaches 50μm and is glued using an epoxy at the centre of the beam. A
broadband light (1550nm) is launched into Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) through a circulator. The light reflected by the
FBG (1540.32nm) is coupled into the centre etched fibre through the circulator and is detected by photodiode connected
to a transimpedance amplifier. The electrical signal is logged into the computer through NI-6016 DAQ. The sensor
works on transmission power loss due to the mode volume mismatch and flexural strain (field strength) of the fiber due
to the bending in the fiber with respect to the bending of the spring-steel beam. The beam is made to vibrate and the
corresponding intensity of light is recorded. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique is used to measure the frequencies of
vibration. The results show that this sensor can sense vibration of low frequency accurately and repeatability is high. The
sensor has high linear response to axial displacement of about 0.8 mm with sensitivity of 32mV/10μm strain. This lowcost
sensor may find a place in industry to monitor the vibrations of the beam structures and bridges.
This study focused on the development of high sensitivity pressure sensor based on reduced clad FBG encapsulated
in a stainless steel cylinder, partially filled with silicon rubber. The sensor works by means of transferring radial or
lateral pressure into an axially stretched- strain along the length of the FBG. The experiment is carried out using two
different FBG's have core/clad diameters of 9/125μm (FBG1) and 4/80μm (FBG2). FBG2 is chemically etched to reduce
the cladding diameter which significantly enhances the pressure sensitivity. The shift of the Bragg wavelength in
response to applied pressure is monitored with an optical spectrum analyser (OSA). The measured pressure sensitivity of
FBG2 and FBG1 are found to be 5.85 x 10-2 MPa-1 and 2.07 x 10-2 MPa-1, which are approximately 18870 and 6677
times respectively higher than that can be sensed with a bare FBG. A very good linearity is observed between Bragg
wavelength shift and pressure. This compact, low cost and robust design of the sensor can find applications in the areas
of low and medium pressure measurement.
A small and simple hydrostatic pressure sensor using fiber Bragg grating sensor for liquid level sensing is reported. The working principle of the sensor head design is based on transferring hydrostatic radial pressure to axial strain to the FBG. An FBG written in a fiber of diameter 50μm has been used for the measurement. The experimental result shows that sensitivity of the sensor can reach 23pm/cm of liquid column. The sensor can be useful in applications that involved with less hydrostatic pressure, like a tank with inflammable liquid in a fuel gas station.
A temperature compensated liquid level sensor using FBGs and a bourdon tube that works on hydrostatic pressure is
presented. An FBG (FBG1) is fixed between free end and a fixed end of the bourdon tube. When hydrostatic pressure
applied to the bourdon tube FBG1 experience an axial strain due to the movement of free end. Experimental result
shows, a good linearity in shift in Bragg wavelength with the applied pressure. The performance of this arrangement
is tested for 21metre water column pressure. Another FBG (FBG2) is included for temperature compensation. The
design of the sensor head is simple and easy mountable external to any tank for liquid level measurements.
A simple technique to discriminate the Strain and Temperature with a single Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) at cryogenic
regime is presented in this paper. An uniform FBG is divided into two parts, one half is without coating (FBG1) and
other half is coated with Cyno-Acrylic Adhesive (FBG2). The measured temperature and strain sensitivities of the FBG1
are 4.05x10-6/K and 2.13x10-6/με and FBG2 are 1.39x10-5/K and 1.72x10-6/με respectively.
A fiber optic vibration sensor is demonstrated using bifurcated bundle fiber based on the principle of extrinsic
displacement sensor. An IR source is used along with glass fibers to avoid the effect of stray light in sensing. The
encapsulation of the sensor enables easy alignment, flexible handling and usage in harsh environments. The sensor is
capable of measuring the frequencies up to 650Hz with vibration amplitude resolution of 10μm, enough to monitor the
vibrations generated in heavy machines. The sensor is tested in the field to monitor the health condition of the diesel engine.
An encapsulated fiber optic sensor head for the detection of level of fuel in a tank is presented. The design is
based on a concentric cam used along with a float and extrinsic intensity modulation of light. The sensor has been tested
for its performance to measure a fuel level range of 35cm and a sensitivity of 0.2316 volts/cm was observed during rise
in fuel level. The sensitivity and range of level sensing can be varied by varying the length of the connecting rod.
The development and improvement of holographic sight is continuing with better accuracy, reduced size and greater
simplicity. In this work, for a given requirement, a holographic sight was designed and developed to get an optimum
performance of the parameters like: range, field of view, elevation, and windage adjustments of the stable image of the
reticle for zeroing in on the target. It is achieved by considering the critical aspects of optical, mechanical and electronic
circuitry for controlled light output in the device. The design incorporates a laser diode light source and a pair of
holographic elements (reticle and collimator) to make the sight achromatic, thus avoiding sighting errors due to laser
diode wavelength drift. The complete assembly of the holographic sight consists of only four components namely, laser
diode, holographic collimator, plane mirror and the reticle hologram. The virtual image of the reticle can be adjusted to
coincide with the impact point of the bullet by adjusting the laser diode position.
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