The use of trivalent erbium, typically embedded in solid state, has widespread adoption as a dopant in telecommunications devices. and shows promise for on-chip nanolasers and spin-based quantum memories for quantum communication. In particular, its natural telecom C-band optical transition and spin-photon interface make it ideal for integration into existing optical fiber networks without the need for frequency conversion. Here, we present Er-doped titanium dioxide thin film growth on silicon substrates using a foundry-scalable atomic layer deposition process with a wide range of doping control over the Er concentration for integrated photonics applications. Finally, we coupled Er ensembles with high quality factor Si nanophotonic cavities and demonstrate a large Purcell enhancement (about 300) of their optical lifetime. Our findings demonstrate a low-temperature, non-destructive, and substrate-independent process for integrating Er-doped materials with silicon photonics, which can be widely applied in integrated photonics industry and in developing on-chip quantum memories.
The use of rare earth ions (REIs)—typically embedded as atomic defects in solids—has emerged as a promising strategy for practical quantum memories. In particular, the Er ion has garnered significant attention due to its telecom C-band optical transition, which makes it a suitable candidate for integration into existing optical fiber networks without the need for photon wavelength conversion. However, successful scalability of such a quantum memory platform would benefit greatly from employing a host material that is fully compatible with silicon and modern CMOS fabrication processes. In this study, we present the synthesis of Er-doped TiO2 thin films directly on standard silicon or silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates using atomic layer deposition (ALD). Our thin film exhibits favorable emitter properties at cryogenic temperatures (T = 3.5 K), including a narrow inhomogeneous linewidth and optical lifetime approaching that of bulk values. Additionally, the ALD process provides ample opportunities for device fabrication and integration with other components, further enhancing its potential for practical applications. Overall, our findings suggest that Er-doped TiO2 thin films synthesized via ALD represent a promising approach for developing practical quantum memories that can be seamlessly integrated with silicon photonics. This work lays a foundation for the development of quantum technologies with potential applications in communication, computing, and cryptography.
In this work, a dynamic metallic filamentary resistive switch (MFRS) is used to quench the avalanche in a single photon avalanche photodiode (SPAD). The experimental results and simulations are consistent with an interpretation that, the MFRS is in a high resistance state when the avalanche occurs. This enables the quenching of the avalanche sufficiently within a short time. This increases the voltage drop across the MFRS, which switches the MFRS to its low resistance on-state and the recharging process is greatly accelerated because of the lowered R-C time constant. This leads to a sharp avalanche pulse shape and a fast detection speed.
In this work, a novel smart quenching approach for a Geiger-mode single-photon avalanche diode is proposed. The avalanche photodiode is connected in series with a metallic filamentary resistive switch (MFRS). The hysteresis behavior of the MFRS makes it suitable to operate as a quenching resistor. Initially the MFRS is in the off state and it quenches an avalanche event triggered by an incident photon. After quenching, the MFRS switches to the low-resistance on-state, which reduces the R-C time constant of the recharging process. A sharp avalanche pulse shape, continuous detection, and fast detection speed have been achieved. Our observations are consistent with a model where the MFRS adaptively changes its resistance state from high to low during quenching and recharging.
Bluewater EYE analytics bring the power of remote sensing backed by artificial intelligence to address several water pollution related challenges at low cost as it requires minimal calibration with Internet of Things (IoT) data and can provide useful water quality insights via spatio-temporal pollution signatures mapped over possibly large distances, applicable to any global water body. We leverage geo-spatial data analytics in combination with cloud based, real-time in-situ sensing, that is capable of mapping changes in water turbidity of a water resource. Spatio-temporal pollution insights are derived and represented via color-based heatmaps and matrices that are overlaid on Google maps and facilitate visualization and identification of pollution hotspots. Methods include first-order correlations derived from surface reflectance of different satellite band/s (single or a normalized difference combination) and high resolution, geo-tagged, in-situ turbidity sensing via a moving multi-parameter sensor platform. Significant improvements in correlation (upto 80%) were obtained by using statistical methods such as moving average for filtering out the sensing data associated noise. Moreover, we use machine learning based approach for training a turbidity model based on Support vector machine (SVM) regression with Radial Basis Kernel (RBF). The predicted turbidity values for the selected region based on Landsat 8 Level 2 surface reflectance data, was then applied for time-series data for historical years of 2016 and 2017. The turbidity time series so obtained is analyzed to capture any significant variations in water quality due to various factors (event or season based). We propose a method to analyze pollution contributions from different individual sources, that is based on assigning an individual spatio-temporal signature in the form of a color-coded matrix. Overall, Bluewater EYE could be useful for capturing water quality spatio-temporal information and trends, providing data driven proofs for timely alerts and advisory and other useful insights for implementation of appropriate remediation measures and interventions– all this at an affordable cost.
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