We have proposed virtual-phase-conjugation-based optical tomography (VPC-OT) using a virtual phase conjugation technology for single-shot and three-dimensional optical tomography. In VPC-OT, a random-spatial-phase-modulated probe beam is irradiated to the sample to be measured, and the complex amplitude of the signal composed of a superimposition of light reflected from each layer of the sample is measured. A three-dimensional tomogram of intensity and phase is obtained by reproducing the measured complex amplitude using a phase conjugate wave in a virtual optical system built in a computer. At this time, by changing the parameters of the virtual optical system, it becomes possible to obtain information of various tomographic planes from the data obtained with a single measurement. In the ideal virtual phase conjugate reproduction process, free space propagation can be assumed; however, in the actual measurement, due to the distortion of the waves and the surroundings of the sample to be measured, a mismatch will occur in modulation and demodulation, and the separation accuracy between different tomographic planes would be degraded. We perform an experiment to clarify the characteristics of VPC-OT in this situation. In this experiment, three-dimensional optical tomography is performed using an etching glass having a periodic structure of 30 μm as a sample, and the phase distribution is measured quantitatively. Furthermore, by placing a cover glass in front of the object and performing the same measurement, we discuss the characteristics and performance of VPC-OT when there is an optical distortion around the sample to be measured.
In this research, we propose a mode selective switch (MSS) using volume holograms. MSS is a device that distributes the mode-division multiplexed (MDM) signal to different output ports for each spatial mode component contained in the signal. Using MSS, the function of reconfigurable optical add / drop multiplexer (ROADM) can be implemented, which can manipulate arbitrary spatial mode signal at any position in the next generation MDM network. In our proposed MSS, the incident signal is separated into spatial mode components by the volume hologram on the input side. The signal destination will be selected for each mode by diffracting independently. The spatial mode components are separated in direction of the plurality of volume holograms on the output side using a spatial light modulator (SLM). In the volume hologram on the output side, the multiple spatial mode components are recombined and emitted once again as an MDM signal. This method has the advantageous that one volume hologram can multiplex or de-multiplex multiple modes, allowing it to cope easily with the increase in the number of modes and ports to be multiplexed. In the experiment, the optical signal lights of three-mode are separated for each spatial mode by the volume hologram on the input side, and the switching to either of the two ports on the output side is successfully performed for each mode using the SLM.
In this paper, we present a novel technology for photonic cross-connect (PXC) in spatial mode domain for the realization of advanced and flexible optical transmission of spatial modes. The PXC is a kind of all -optical devices to switch highspeed optical signals for mode-division multiplexing (MDM) network and it is able to perform signal labeling in the spatial mode domain similar to current photonic switching in the wavelength domain. In addition, parallel and simultaneous mode conversion can be realized using multiplex holograms in a photorefractive crystal (PRC). In our experiment, during the recording process, a rewritable hologram is recorded in the PRC (LiNbO3) through the interference between the signal beam with certain input mode and the reference beam with the phase distribution of the desired output mode. Signal beams are generated by computer generated hologram (CGH) using a spatial light modulator (SLM) instead of an optical fiber emergent beam, and reference beams are generated by phase only modulation using another SLM. Subsequently, during the converting process, the input signal beam is converted into the desired output mode through the holographic diffract ion in the crystal and free-space propagation by an optical lens. By using phase code multiplexing method, parallel mode conversions can be realized. We performed an experiment on parallel mode conversions of several different conversion pairs. Signal beams and reference beams intersected in the PRC with an angle of 18.43 degree. The intensity distributions of converted modes were observed by CCD camera set on the Fourier plane. We confirmed that the two modes inter-conversion of LP11 with LP21 was successfully implemented.
We develop a new technology, which is referred to as progressive phase conjugation (PPC), in which phase conjugation is electrically performed without requiring a coherent reference beam by fusion using a reference-free spatial phase detection and spatial phase modulation. This method enables remote setting of a phase detector from the signal transmitter without an additional transmission line for the reference beam. It also enables realization of high-speed and dynamic wavefront compensation owing to its open-loop architecture using the single-shot phase detection method. Therefore, the PPC is applicable to a wide range of optical communication technologies, including the reconfigurable spatial-mode extraction and conversion of mode transmission in a multi-mode fiber (MMF). In our experiment, spatial modes are generated by directing a laser beam into a MMF with a 50-micron core diameter. At the output side of the optical fiber, the phase distributions of the spatial modes are detected using the reference-free phase detector constructed by combining a spatial filtering method with holographic diversity interferometry using two CCD imagers. Then, the phase conjugate distribution of the detected phase pattern is displayed on a LCOS-type SLM. We confirm that the PPC system can extract a specific mode pattern with a considerably low crosstalk of less than 1% by displaying the corresponding phase-conjugation pattern on the SLM. In addition, we demonstrated a reconfigurable spatial-mode conversion by the phase control technology using the SLM. By applying the spatial phase modulation to an optical beam incident on the SLM, the spatial mode of the output beam is flexibly changed.
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