With the rapid development of domestic fiber lasers, the output power is constantly improving, resulting that the requirement of active fiber is becoming stricter. YOFC company has proposed a kind of triple cladding active fiber fabrication technology, which combines Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (PCVD) platform and Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD) platform to make preform which has several characteristics like, large size, high concentration doping, long effective length, high uniformity, Fluorine doped outer cladding and so on. Special fiber drawing technique has been used to match this special preform, finally obtained triple cladding Ytterbium doped fiber (TC YDF) with excellent performance such as, low background loss which is less than 10 dB/km, high doping concentration of rare earth, high uniformity and strong resistance to the photo-darkening; The resonant cavity which consist of this TC YDF can obtained laser power up to 3550w, simultaneously the optical-to optical conversion efficiency is up to 78%, the Raman scattering suppression ratio is larger than 35dB. The fiber laser is continuously monitored for 1500 hours at 3550w, the results show that the output power are nearly stable, which indicates that this TC YDF has an excellent long-term reliability and can be used in industrial processing stably on a large scale.
We experimentally demonstrated a temperature sensor by selectively infiltrating refractive index liquid (RIL) in the central air hole of a twin-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF). The selective liquid infiltration was realized by putting the PCF in the bulk liquid with its central air hole open for liquid infiltration using capillary effect. The rest of the air holes were covered by UV glue. The three-dimensional stage was used to translate the PCF, and a tapered SMF was used to transfer the UV glue to cover the air holes under the microscope. After UV glue was solidified by exposing the fiber end under the UV light, the PCF end was dipped into the RIL to fill the central air hole by capillary effect. Due to the large thermos-optic coefficient of the RIL, the RIL filled air channel would act as a liquid core whose core modes would be highly dependent on the ambient temperature. The core modes of the RIL filled core would be phase matched to the fundamental mode of the two solid cores. Therefore, the phase matching wavelengths for the mode coupling among the two solid cores of PCF and the liquid core were highly temperature sensitive. The resonant dips in the transmission spectrum were measured to estimate the temperature sensitivity. The experiment used a commercially available twin core PCF, and blocked all but the central airhole at one of the ends facets by UV glue (NOA81, Norland), the remaining open holes are infiltrated over a length of 10 cm by capillary force with fluid (Cargille Laboratories Inc. index-matching fluid, series A) that possesses a refractive index of 1.46 at 589.3nm, 25°C, and the thermal coefficient is – 0.000389 RIU/°C, which is around 10 times of that coefficient of silica. Any temperature induced changes will have an influence on the propagation properties because of the highly temperature response of the refractive index of the fluid. With a fiber cleaver, a 1.8 cm long PCF was then cut from the longer length of the partially liquid filled twin core PCF and then fusion spliced with SMFs at both ends to observe its transmission spectrum when the sample is heated. When the temperature increase to around 54°C, the liquid RI drops quickly to match that of silica, and a three parallel waveguide structure is formed, in which the central liquid waveguide have the same index value with the two solid core. Because of the small separation between adjacent waveguides, a strong mode-field overlap occurs, which leads to a significant enhancement of the coupling coefficient, therefore, light energy can be easily transferred between two solid cores and the liquid rod in a short coupling length. Thus, the transmission spectrum of the device contain two sets of interference fringe pattern, the large spectrum envelope originated from the interference between the three eigenmodes generated by three-parallel waveguide structure based on the mode coupling theory, and fine interference fringes generated by the interference between the higher order modes in one core. By tracking the dip wavelength shift of the large spectrum envelope, the sensor exhibited a high temperature sensitivity of up to 37.011 nm/°C within the temperature range from 53.8°C to 55°C due to the satisfaction of phase match condition, and maintain a high sensitivity of 19.681 nm/°C from 55°C to 58.2°C, which is benefit from the high thermal optic coefficient of the selectively filled liquid in the twin core PCF.
Employing the multiple spatially independent channels offered by multicore fiber (MCF), spatial-division multiplexed (SDM) hybrid Raman and Brillouin distributed sensor has been demonstrated. The interrogation of Raman and Brillouin scattering are performed in distinct cores of the MCF, allowing for flexible management of the input powers between each of them, which is actually incompatible in hybrid Raman/Brillouin distributed system using single mode fibers (SMFs) due to the limitation of nonlinear effects. The proposed SDM system employs shared devices to generate pump pulse, but separate interrogation fiber channels. The combination of Raman and Brillouin sensing provides the capability of discriminative measurement between temperature and strain.
KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Signal processing, Electronic filtering, Optical fibers, Raman scattering, Temperature sensors, Spatial resolution, Fiber optics sensors, Fusion splicing, Temperature metrology, Reflectometry
We demonstrate a distributed temperature sensor based on quasi-single mode (QSM) Raman scattering in few mode fibers (FMFs). The FMF allows much larger input pump power before the initiate of stimulated Raman scattering compared with the standard single mode fiber (SSMF) and mitigates the detrimental differential mode group delay (DMGD) existing in the conventional multimode fiber (MMF) based Raman distributed temperature sensor (RDTS). Distributed temperature sensing is realized using conventional RDTS hardware over 20km FMFs within 90s, with a spatial resolution of 3m. The temperature resolution is 2.3°C @10km and 6.7°C @20km, respectively.
In this paper, we present a novel optical fiber fluorescent temperature sensor based on photonic crystal fiber(PCF) and its
theory of forward stimulated fluorescence emission in PCF. It is realized by liquid filling in hollow-core PCF, the liquid
is of higher temperature coefficient of refractive index than that of silicon, and is mixed with fluorescent material.
Stimulating light and fluorescence propagating in the fiber are in the same direction. Because the band gaps of PCF are
modulated by temperature, besides the sensitivity of fluorescence, the stimulating light passing through the photonic
crystal fiber is also sensitive to temperature. Experiment results and theory modulation show that when PCF length is
shorter than an optimum length, stimulating light in fiber will increase and fluorescence will decline gradually with the
increase of temperature.
The numerous potential applications of UV-induced fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) in fiber optic sensing and
telecommunication have generated a significant interest in this field in recent years. However, two major factors-the
photosensitivity of the fiber in which the grating is written and the thermal stability of the grating-are of prime
importance in terms of choosing the most appropriate fiber to use and of the long-term functionality of the grating over a
wide range of temperatures. Based on the plasma chemical vapor deposition (PCVD) process, the high Ge (Germanium)
and Ge/B (Germanium/Boron) co-doped photosensitive fiber were developed. It is mature technique that to precise
control the dopant quantity by PCVD process. The photosensitive fibers with different doping composition and doping
concentration have been studied. Based on the experimental results obtained from studies of several kinds of
photosensitive fiber on both the photosensitivity and the temperature sustainability of the FBGs written into them, the
experimental results exhibit that the Boron dopant brings deleterious influence on the FBG's high-temperature
sustainability. The FBG sustainable temperature will become lower than 500°C when the Boron concentration reaches
14% in germanium highly doped photosensitive fiber.
Temperature stability based on high Ge-doped fibre Bragg grating (FBG) is presented. A high Ge-doped photosensitive
fibre (PSF) used for writing FBG was manufactured. Temperature characteristic of the FBG from 20 to 300°C had been
researched. The transmission efficiency is about 75% at 300°C.
This paper has presented a design of dispersion compensating fiber with small core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based on
pure silica. The designed small core PCF can be controlled the dispersion properties in terms of the structural parameters,
the pitch Λ and the air-filling fraction d/Λ. The negative chromatic dispersion coefficient can be achieved -
586.5ps/(nm·km) at λ=1550nm with Λ=0.9μm and d/Λ=0.9. This kind of PCF can be used for broadband dispersion
compensation in S+C+L band (1460-1565nm) and the chromatic dispersion coefficient is lower than -450ps/(nm·km)
in S+C+L band. It can realize the dispersion slope compensation because that it exhibits a negative dispersion slope.
We report an investigation of design, fabrication and measurement for photonic crystal fibers developed by YOFC in
three years. The development status of PCFs and their applications are synoptically investigated. In the part of
fabrication process, a technology route of PCF fabrication are reviewed, and the process principle, process control and
realization method are introduced mainly, related to process bottlenecks. Based on different PCFs designed respectively
by Beam-Propagation Method, Plane-Wave Expansion Method or FDTD and the above fabrication process, we probed
into and realized some kinds of PCF samples. The structure parameters, cross-section morphologies, attenuation and
dispersion properties for PCF samples are respectively investigated. We also debate upon the potential application of
PCF field.
Based on PCVD deposition process and Rod-In-Tube draw process, highly nonlinear fibers were designed and fabricated for efficient fiber nonlinearity generation. Highly nonlinear fibers employed high-concentration GeO2-doped core and fluorine-doped cladding were simulated, in which key structure parameters were investigated, such as the core diameter, core profile shape, and the b/a. The fabricated fibers successfully realized a low attenuation less than 1.30dB/km with an effective area of about 10um2 and a dispersion slope about 0.020ps/nm2/km at the operating wavelength of 1.55um. For different applications such as Raman amplifier and four-wave mixing (FWM) generation, a series of fibers were fabricated with different dispersion spectrums in the S+C+L-band. Some application experiments were also introduced, which were related to fiber properties. Our fabricated fibers achieved the maximum effective Raman gain coefficient of 5.08W-1km-1 and the nonlinear coefficient of 12W-1km-1.
In this paper, the DGD (Differential Group Delay) method for beat length measurement of PANDA polarization maintaining (PM) fibers is theoretically analyzed in detailed. And the analysis indicates, regarding the series of silica optical fibers, the error of beat length at different testing wavelength can be ensured less than 2% based on present fiber designs and germanium-doped concentration level. Presently the PMD400 (Polarization Mode Dispersion) analyzer is applied to measure the beat length of polarization maintaining fibers at Yangtze Optical Fiber and Cable Company. Lots of test results shows the DGD method is very reliable, convenient and nondestructive. In practical, the relative deviation of beat length at different wavelength can be kept under 1.5% below based on a number of experimental data. Therefore, the DGD of a PM fiber can be tested at a definite wavelength, such as 1550nm, and then the beat lengths at other operating wavelength can be got according to the relationship between beat length and operating wavelength.
In order to overcome the defects of G.652 and G.655 optical fibers, new types of ITU recommendation G.656 optical fiber are introduced in the paper. Based on the theory of waveguide, the design principle was described. Several types of G.656 optical fiber are introduced here; these types optical fiber can be used for long haul transmission system and metro network. CWDM and DWDM can also be applied on S+C+L bands with these types fiber. These fibers are manufactured by PCVD process. The minimum dispersion value from 1460nm to 1625nm is greater than 2ps/nm km; the maximum value is less than 14ps/nm km. The effective area at 1550nm is around 52 to 66μm2. The excellent polarization mode dispersion properties help the fiber to meet the requirement of high bit rate transmission. The PMD co efficiency of these fibers is less 0.05 ps/km1/2.
By use of improved PCVD process, excellent attenuation of these fibers was obtained, the water peak around 1385nm is almost removed; attenuation from 1310nm to 1650nm is less than 0.4 dB/km, attenuation at 1550nm is less than 0.22dB/km. Excellent attenuation performance will help the fiber to utilize the bandwidth effectively.
In this paper, we describe a fabrication process of a long-length and low-loss polarization-maintaining fiber and present the measured optical properties of the polarization-maintaining fiber. The fabrication of the polarization-maintaining fiber is based on the pit-in jacket method, in which the core rod and stress application perform is fabricated by an updated PCVD process. Thus, polarization-maintaining fibers with the long-length not less than 15km can be obtained with a good longitudinal uniformity and a low-loss about 0.423dB/km@1310nm and 0.245dB/km@1550nm. The optical and geometrical properties of the polarization- maintaining fiber were measured. We also tested some special measurements. The results is well matched the specification of the present productions.
The photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and the PCF based structure are playing more and more important role in the optical communication and optical sensors fields. Fabrication technique is the key for realizing the design of PCF. In this paper the fabrication process of PCF is described, which includes stacking, jacketing, collapsing, stretching and drawing on a conventional drawing tower. To maintain the uniform air hole structure, positive micro-pressure has been introduced in the drawing processing. The multi-pole method is used to analyze the PCF structure with one hexagonal array of air cylinder photonics crystal fibers. The theoretical and experimental results show that the PCF fabricated under this way has good performance and coincidence indicator. Several PCF based structures have been studied and developed. It is predicted that the PCF based structures have some funny characteristics, which could find important application in the fiber-optic communication and sensing systems.
In this paper, we described a new type of wideband communication fiber with low water peak. The new fiber has excellent dispersion performance. It allows WDM technology to be applied on the range: E band to L+ band, which wavelength range is from 1370nm to 1650nm. It has relative low relative dispersion slope called as RDS, which makes high bit rate transmission system be easy to realize full dispersion compensation with low cost. Low water peak characteristics of new fiber provide necessary condition to extend operation range to E band. New fiber has moderate effective area, which makes new fiber have flexible amplification choices. Excellent PMD performance makes new fiber be suitable for higher bit rate transmission system.
A new type of communication optical fiber with S+C+L-bands was introduced in the paper. This optical fiber is designed for the application of DWDM system on S+C+L-bands. The effective operating bands can be even extended to E-band and L+-band. In order to reduce non-linear effect, such as FWM (four-wave mixing) etc., the
minimum dispersion coefficient from 1460nm to 1625nm of the optical fiber is greater than 2ps/nm km, and the effective area at 1550nm is around 60μm2. Low dispersion slope is helpful to reduce the cost of dispersion compensation for high bit rate DWDM system and maintain a moderate dispersion value over S+C+L-bands. The dispersion slope of this type of fiber was optimized not to be less than or equal to 0.038ps/km nm2 (over C-band ), the dispersion coefficient isn’t higher than 11.4 ps/nm km at 1625nm. By the optimization of manufacturing process and precisely designing on index profile, excellent attenuation and PMD performance were obtained. Attenuations at 1550nm and 1625nm are less than 0.24dB/km, PMD co-efficient is less than 0.05 ps/km1/2.
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