Vortex beams have attracted attention due to their unique properties and wide applications. In this paper, a novel scheme for generating the first-order orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes based on anti-resonant reflecting guidance mechanism in ring-core fibers (RCFs) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. By directly fusion splicing with the standard single-mode fiber (SMF), anti-resonant reflecting guidance of guided-core modes in RCF can be basically motivated. Consequently, the excited modes can well transmit inside the low-refractive-index central core of the RCFs with exhibiting a Gaussian field distribution (defined as the anti-resonant mode, AR mode). Because of different mode coupling coefficients under external pressure on the RCF, these AR modes can be coupled to the HE11 and HE21 modes, respectively. Results show that, by adjusting the polarization state of injected light beams as well as the pressure on the RCF, OAM modes with topological charge numbers of both the positive (L = +1) and negative (L = -1) can be separately generated at efficiencies of 63.2% and 61.7%, respectively
In this paper, a magnetic field sensor based on Terfenol-D coated optical fibers is proposed and demonstrated. In our scheme, standard single mode fibers are coated by a thick layer of a magnetostrictive composite consisting of Terfenol-D particles dispersed in a polymer, which is then utilized as sensing elements. The magnetic field-induced strain on single mode fibers coated by the Terfenol-D was interrogated by an optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR). The experimental results show that the sensitivity of the magnetostrictive fiber sensor depends on the coating characteristics including the surface of coated optical fiber. The sensitivity of the proposed sensor is 0.175 με/mT.
Bare fiber is the base for fabricating many functional fiber devices showing broad applications in both fiber-optic communication and sensing. However, the conventional mechanic stripping method to remove fiber coating deteriorate inevitably fiber tensile strength. Alternately, an acid stripping technique has been introduced to keep the original tensile strength. But the traditional acid stripping coating system usually use a large amount of concentrated sulfuric acid with time-consuming rinsing process, and it is difficult to control the solution temperature and the stripped length of the fiber. In this work, we have proposed and demonstrated a system by exploring a T-shaped glass tube associated with an alcohol lamp to control the acid stripping process. By dropping a small amount of concentrated sulfuric acid (>95wt%H2SO4) in the T-shaped glass tube heated by the lamp, the length of bare fiber length can be controlled. The tensile strength of such bare fiber has been further studied, proving that our method can keep the original tensile strength. The obtained bare fiber with high tensile strength shows potential application in functional fiber devices together with special micromachining or coating techniques.
Optical fiber is an important transmission medium in optical communication system. We have designed circular stepindex fiber and circular graded-index fiber for Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) transmission. And we calculate the existing vector modes in fiber through the software COMSOL Multiphysics. The step-index fiber has a high refractive index ring which doped with PbS quantum dots between the core and the cladding. And the refractive index difference between the ring and the cladding reaches 0.035, which weaken the degeneracy of adjacent eigenmodes. Numerical analyses show the step-index ring core fiber can support the long-distance transmission for the OAM mode of |L|=1,5,6,7 in the wavelength range of 1530nm to 1565nm (|L| refers to the mode order of orbital angular momentum, called topological charge). In order to enhance its stability, we adjust the ring to be a graded refractive index profile, which increases the effective refractive index difference between the vector modes from the same mode order. This fiber design not only increases transmission stability, but also has a better manufacturing process than the step -index fiber. From the simulation results, we can find that the graded-index fiber with a gradation rate α =8 provides a relatively large effective refractive difference. The effective refractive difference is 1.68 × 10−4 , 1.42 × 10−4 and 2.44 × 10−4 respectively corresponding to L=1, 5, and 6 at a wavelength of 1550 nm. While the effective refractive index difference is 1.65 × 10−4 , 0.9 × 10−4 and 1.52 × 10−4 for the step-index optical fiber.
We have designed and fabricated sapphire-derived fiber with controllable core diameter using rod-in-tube method. The minimum core diameter could be 10 μm and due to the high alumina concentration and diffusion effect, the maximum refractive index difference of this sapphire-derived fiber (SDF) between core and cladding is up to 0.066. Because of the small core diameter and high alumina concentration, such SDF will be good candidate for high temperature and pressure environments applications.
Optical properties of tapered optical fiber deposited with PbS are investigated, which is deposited based on atomic layer deposition technique with Pb(tmhd)2 and H2S as Pb and S precursors. After deposition, morphology of PbS thin film is characterized by a scanning electron microscope, and the composition is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectrum. Raman spectrum shows a typical peak at 204 cm − 1, which is assigned to the influence of the PbS structure, and it further reveals that PbS is deposited on the surface of the tapered optical fiber successfully. With a 980-nm pump laser diode, tapered optical fiber deposited with PbS applied to fiber amplifier exhibits a wide band optical gain at 1550 nm with the largest gain of 5.6 dB.
The physical characteristics and optical properties of PbS nanoclusters are investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) of first-principles. Microstructure models of (PbS)n (n=1-9) nanoclusters and bulk materials are built on Materials Studio platform, and its energy band structures, highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gap (HOMO-LUMO gap), density of state (DOS), and optical properties are calculated, respectively. Compared to PbS bulk materials, PbS nanoclusters show a discrete energy gap as well as the DOS, because of the quantum confinement effect. It is interesting that the HOMO-LUMO gap of (PbS)n (n=1-9) shows oscillates with the increasing of the n number. However, when its size is large enough, the HOMO-LUMO gap is gradually decrease with the increasing of size (>27 atoms). And, the HOMO-LUMO gap of PbS nanoclusters of different sizes is range from 2.575 to 0.58 eV, which covers the low loss communication band of optical communication. In addition, PbS nanomaterials (NMs) with small size are synthesized by using oleylamine as ligands. Sizes of PbS NMs can be accurately controlled through control of the reaction time as well as the growth temperature. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra show strong size dependence, which is large red shift with increasing size of the NMs. This trend is basically in agreement with the theoretical calculation above. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) further reveals the morphology of PbS NMs. PbS NMs can be used in optical fiber amplifiers and fiber lasers because of its unique optical properties in optical communication bands.
This paper focuses on a method to decrease the scattering loss induced by surface roughness through waveguide structure optimization. First, the concept of roughness is discussed briefly, and the diagram of waveguide surface roughness tested by optical profiler is given. Then, this report mainly analyzes the influence on scattering loss coefficient and total loss coefficient induced by surface roughness under different waveguide parameters. The study finds that the scattering loss coefficient and the total loss coefficient increase as roughness increasing. Last, the part produces a method to decrease scattering loss induced by roughness through waveguide structure optimization importantly. It is found that the total scattering loss coefficient can be decreased greatly if waveguide core size is in range from 60 μm to 80 μm or the parameter Δ is smaller than 0.016. When surface roughness is 200 nm, the correlation length is 4 μm, waveguide length is 100 cm, and core width (height, a=b) is from 30 μm to 70 μm, the total scattering loss coefficient can decrease from 3.37×10-2 dB/cm to 1.65×10-2 dB/cm.
Remote optical fiber sensors for radiation measurement are very useful in high radiation fields. In this paper, we
fabricated scintillating optical fiber by using a cerium-doped silica rod. In the drawing process, we obtained different
fiber samples by changing the drawing temperature and speed. The drawing temperature is from 1900 to 2200 °C and the
speed is from 1 to 10 m/min. The experimental results showed that the optical rod physical properties such as viscosity,
tension and scintillating efficiency can be controlled by the parameters of temperature and speed. The optical properties
and chemical composition of the scintillating optical fiber have been analyzed by Raman spectra and X-ray fluorescence
spectrometer (XRF-1800, SHIMADZU). The concentration of the doped cerium is 0.55%. Moreover, a test system is
proposed to measure the scintillating performance of the fabricated optical fibers. For the scintillating properties, the
effect of fiber length, the number of fiber bundle and the detection angle were analyzed. Experimental results showed
that the optimal length of the cerium doped fiber is ~15 cm. The scintillating light intensity increases linearly with the
number of the fiber bundle. With two low intensity 60Co (0.2784 μCi) and 137Cs (1.0865 μCi) gamma radiation sources, the scintillating light can be detected the gamma sources by using the scintillating fiber sensor which is connected a MMF.
The Faraday magneto-optical effect of optical fiber has many applications in monitoring magnetic field and electric current. When a linearly polarized light propagates in the direction of a magnetic field, the plane of polarization will rotate linearly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field, which following the relationship of θF =VBl. θF is the Faraday rotation angle, which is proportional to the magnetic flux density B and the Verdet constant V .
However, when the optical fiber contains the effect of linear birefringence, the detection of Faraday rotation angle will depend on the line birefringence. In order to determine the Verdet constant of an optical fiber under a linear birefringence, the fiber birefringence needs to be accurately measured. In this work, a model is applied to analyze the polarization properties of an optical fiber by using the Jones matrix method. A measurement system based on the lock-in amplifier technology is designed to test the Verdet constant and the birefringence of optical fiber. The magnetic field is produced by a solenoid with a DC current. A tunable laser is intensity modulated with a motorized rotating chopper. The actuator supplies a signal as the phase-locked synchronization reference to the signal of the lock-in amplifier. The measurement accuracy is analyzed and the sensitivity of the system is optimized. In this measurement system, the Verdet constant of the SMF-28 fiber was measured to be 0.56±0.02 rad/T·m at 1550nm. This setup is well suitable for measuring the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) sensitivity for lock-in amplifier at a low magnetic field strength.
The structures and optical properties of (PbS)n cluster in silica optical fiber material are investigated. The microstructures models of (PbS)n (n=1-4) and PbS-(SiO2)n (n=1-6) have been built and calculated by Gaussian-03 software using density functional theory with the B3LYP level. The gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) is also calculated for microstructures. Compared with the (PbS)n clusters and (SiO2)n clusters, The HOMO-LUMO gaps of (PbS)n clusters combined with (SiO2)n clusters make a big difference. The geometry structures of (PbS)n-(SiO2)4 (n=2-4) clusters are calculated by using the singles configuration interaction (CIS) method. The calculation results show that the excitation energies of (PbS)n-(SiO2)4 clusters changed as the sizes or the structures are changed. The PbS-doped silica optical fiber is fabricated, and the optical properties are measured to compare with the theoretical results.
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