This paper provides the status of ongoing work at NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to build a low-cost flexible ground terminal for optical communication. For laser communication to be cost-effective for future missions, a global network of flexible optical terminals must be put in place. There is a need for a single ground terminal design capable of supporting multiple missions ranging from LEO to lunar distances. NASA’s Low-Cost Optical Terminal (LCOT) has a single modular design that can be quickly reconfigured to support different laser communications missions. The LCOT prototype uses a 70cm commercially available telescope designed with optical and quantum communications in mind. This telescope is currently being integrated with a state-of-the-art adaptive optics system, and novel high-power laser amplifier demonstrate its utility as an optical communications receiver by receiving a downlink from the recently launched Laser Communication Relay Demonstration (LCRD). LCOT uses commercially available components wherever possible, and where commercial options are not available, the LCOT team works with vendors to create commercial options. This paper discusses the development progress for the blueprint of NASA’s future global ground terminal network.
NASA demands the special laser transmitter for the lidar system to detect water-ice on the Moon and other planetary bodies. Based on the data from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) instrument, the water ice was on the Moon has been claimed, but such a claim was disputed because OH- and/or H2O-bearing materials share the absorption line at the wavelength range of 2.8-3 μm. Lunar Flashlight, another mission to explore the surface of Moon (the launch date delays to this year), allows scientists map the minerals on dark side of the Moon, but it still has difficult to resolve the ambiguity mentioned above. The absorption line around 6.08 μm uniquely associated with the bending resonance of H2O has not any comparable vibration in confounding OH-bearing materials. However, a 6.08 μm laser in the gap between the atmospheric windows, middle-wave infrared (3-5 μm) and long-wave infrared (8-12 μm), has not been commercially available. Our approach is a Q-switched Ho:YLF laser pumped the orientation-pattern Gallium Arsenide optical parametric oscillator (OP-GaAs OPO) for generating high-energy laser pulses at the wavelength of 6.08 m. In the current design, a 1.94 μm Tm:fiber is used as the pump source of Ho:YLF laser. In the compact design, a 1.94 μm laser diode will replace the Tm:fiber laser as the pump source. The combination of proposed 6.08 μm laser and the latest HgCdTe avalanche photodiode (APD) array allow us to design a lidar capable of unambiguously identifying water ice on the Moon and Mars from their respective orbits, enabling novel science and in-situ resource utilization. Our instrument is an enabling technology for the Artemis program and future missions.
The high average power from pulsed good quality mode laser emitting at fundamental wavelength of 1066.3 nm is needed for obtaining of high-fidelity pulsed radiation with wavelength centered at 589.15 nm for spaceborne Na Doppler resonance fluorescence LIDAR. The conversion of radiation from 1066.3 nm to 589.15 nm can be achieved through one stage of Raman lasing and subsequent frequency doubling using qualified nonlinear crystals. Although efficient scaling of average power at 1064 nm using a-cut Nd:YVO4 to multiple of 10W was demonstrated for more than a decade ago, the efficient demonstration of 1066 nm power scaling from single Watt level to 10W level of average power is yet to be done. Multiple publications with a-cut Nd:YVO4 laser host with fundamental emission wavelength at 1064 nm showed good conversion efficiencies to both 1176 nm and to 588 nm using intracavity Raman lasing and frequency doubling.
We experimentally demonstrated efficient lasing at 1066 nm with output average power in excess of 15W using single c-cut Nd:YV04 crystal end-pumped with 888 nm diode pump laser. The achieved optical-to-optical efficiency of converting absorbed 888 nm pump to 1066 nm with short linear test cavity and output coupler of 84% was in excess of 32% while maximum reached optical-to-optical slope efficiency 50%. We discuss challenges of efficient 1066 nm generation and overall electro-optical efficiencies reachable for potential spaceborne LIDAR Sodium transmitter laser.
We propose a nadir-pointing space-based Na Doppler resonance fluorescence LIDAR on board of the International Space Station (ISS). The science instrument goal is temperature and vertical wind measurements of the Earth Mesosphere Lower Thermosphere (MLT) 75-115 km region using atomic sodium as a tracer. Our instrument concept uses a high-energy laser transmitter at 589 nm and highly sensitive photon counting detectors that permit range-resolved atmospheric-sodium-temperature profiles. The atmospheric temperature is deduced from the linewidth of the resonant fluorescence from the atomic sodium vapor D2 line as measured by our tunable laser. We are pursuing high power laser architectures that permit limited day time sodium lidar observations with the help of a narrow bandpass etalon filter. We discuss technology, prototypes, risks and trades for two 589 nm wavelength laser architectures: 1) Raman laser 2) Sum Frequency Generation. Laser-induced saturation of atomic sodium in the MLT region affects both sodium density and temperature measurements. We discuss the saturation impact on the laser parameters, laser architecture and instrument trades. Off-nadir pointing from the ISS causes Doppler shifts that effect the sodium spectroscopy. We discuss laser wavelength locking, tuning and spectroscopic-line sampling strategy.
We are developing a Q-switched narrow linewidth intra-cavity Raman laser for a space based sodium lidar application. A novel Raman laser injection seeding scheme is proposed and is experimentally verified. A Q-switched, diode pumped, c-cut Nd:YVO4 laser has been designed to emit a fundamental wavelength at 1066.6 nm. This fundamental wavelength is used as the pump in an intra-cavity Raman conversion in a Gd0.2Y0.8VO4 composite material. By tuning the temperature of the crystal, we tuned the Raman shifting to the desired sodium absorption line.
A diode end pumped, T-shaped laser cavity has been built for experimental investigation. The fundamental pump laser cavity is a twisted mode cavity to eliminate the spatial hole burning for effective injection seeding. The Raman laser cavity is a linear standing wave cavity because Raman gain medium does not suffer spatial hole burning as traditional laser gain medium. The linewidth and temporal profile of the Raman laser is experimentally investigated with narrow and broadband fundamental pump emission. We have, for the first time, demonstrated an injection seeded, high peak power, narrow linewidth intra-cavity Raman laser for potential use in a sodium resonance fluorescence lidar.
A 2-micron pulsed, Integrated Path Differential Absorption (IPDA) lidar instrument for ground and airborne atmospheric CO2 concentration measurements via direct detection method is being developed at NASA Langley Research Center. This instrument will provide an alternate approach to measure atmospheric CO2 concentrations with significant advantages. A high energy pulsed approach provides high precision measurement capability by having high signal-to-noise level and unambiguously eliminates the contamination from aerosols and clouds that can bias the IPDA measurement.
We demonstrated upconversion assisted detection of a 2.05-μm signal by sum frequency generation to generate a 700-nm light using a bulk periodically poled lithium niobate crystal. The achieved 94% intrinsic upconversion efficiency and 22.58% overall detection efficiency at a pW level of 2.05 μm pave the path to detect extremely weak infrared (IR) signals for remote sensing applications.
Sustained research efforts at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) during last fifteen years have resulted in a
significant advancement in 2-micron diode-pumped, solid-state laser transmitter for wind and carbon dioxide
measurement from ground, air and space-borne platform. Solid-state 2-micron laser is a key subsystem for a
coherent Doppler lidar that measures the horizontal and vertical wind velocities with high precision and resolution.
The same laser, after a few modifications, can also be used in a Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) system for
measuring atmospheric CO2 concentration profiles. Researchers at NASA Langley Research Center have
developed a compact, flight capable, high energy, injection seeded, 2-micron laser transmitter for ground and
airborne wind and carbon dioxide measurements. It is capable of producing 250 mJ at 10 Hz by an oscillator and
one amplifier. This compact laser transmitter was integrated into a mobile trailer based coherent Doppler wind and
CO2 DIAL system and was deployed during field measurement campaigns. This paper will give an overview of 2-
micron solid-state laser technology development and discuss results from recent ground-based field measurements.
A pulsed, 2-μm coherent Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) / Integrated Path Differential Absorption (IPDA)
transceiver, developed under the Laser Risk Reduction Program (LRRP) at NASA, is integrated into a fully functional
lidar instrument. This instrument measures atmospheric CO2 profiles (by DIAL) from a ground platform. It allows the
investigators to pursue subsequent in science-driven deployments, and provides a unique tool for Active Sensing of CO2
Emissions over Night, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS) validation that was strongly advocated in the recent ASCENDS
Workshop.
In the process of designing a coherent, high energy 2μm, Doppler wind Lidar, various types of Q-Switch materials and
configurations have been investigated for the oscillator. Designing an oscillator with a relatively low gain laser material
presents challenges related to the management high internal circulating fluence due to high reflective output coupler.
This problem is compounded by the loss of hold-off. In addition, the selection has to take into account the round trip
optical loss in the resonator and the loss of hold-off. For this application, a Brewster cut 5mm aperture, fused silica AO
Q-switch is selected. Once the Q-switch is selected various rf frequencies were evaluated. Since the Lidar has to perform
in single longitudinal and transverse mode with transform limited line width, in this paper, various seeding
configurations are presented in the context of Q-Switch diffraction efficiency. The master oscillator power amplifier has
demonstrated over 350mJ output when the amplifier is operated in double pass mode and higher than 250mJ when
operated in single pass configuration. The repetition rate of the system is 10Hz and with a pulse length of 200ns.
The design of a compact coherent laser radar transmitter for tropospheric wind sensing is presented. This
system is hardened for ground and airborne applications. As a transmitter for a coherent wind Lidar, this
laser has stringent spectral line width and beam quality requirements. Although the absolute wavelength is
not fixed, the output wavelength should avoid atmospheric CO2 and H2O absorption lines. The design
architecture includes a seed laser, a power oscillator and a single amplifier. The laser material used for this
application is a Ho:Tm:LuLF crystal. The 3-meter long folded ring resonator produces 100-mJ with a
temporal pulse length around 185 ns. A final output of 300 mJ at a repetition rate of 10 Hz is achieved by
using an amplifier in a double pass format. The operating temperature is set around 15°C for the pump
diode lasers and 5°C for the rod. Since the laser design has to meet high-energy as well as high beam
quality requirements, close attention is paid to the laser head design to avoid thermal distortion in the rod.
A side-pumped configuration is used and heat is removed uniformly by passing coolant through a tube
slightly larger than the rod to reduce thermal gradient. This paper also discusses issues related to beam
distortion due to high repetition rate. In addition, energy, seeding technique, and beam quality evaluation of
the engineering verification laser will be presented.
Significant advancements in the 2-micron laser development have been made recently. Solid-state 2-micron
laser is a key subsystem for a coherent Doppler lidar that measures the horizontal and vertical wind
velocities with high precision and resolution. The same laser, after a few modifications, can also be used in
a Diffrencial Absorption Lidar (DIAL) system for measuring atmospheric CO2 concentration profiles. The
world record 2-micron laser energy is demonstrated with an oscillator and two amplifiers system. It
generates more than one joule per pulse energy with excellent beam quality. Based on the successful
demonstration of a fully conductive cooled oscillator by using heat pipe technology, an improved fully
conductively cooled 2-micron amplifier was designed, manufactured and integrated. It virtually eliminates
the running coolant to increase the overall system efficiency and reliability. In addition to technology
development and demonstration, a compact and engineering hardened 2-micron laser is under development.
It is capable of producing 250 mJ at 10 Hz by an oscillator and one amplifier. This compact laser is
expected to be integrated to a lidar system and take field measurements. The recent achievements push
forward the readiness of such a laser system for space lidar applications. This paper will review the
developments of the state-of-the-art solid-state 2-micron laser.
For space-based lidar applications, conductively cooled lasers have been identified as a critical technology for high energy, 2-micron laser transmitter. Effective thermal management is a challenge for high-energy, 2-micon lasers. In this paper, the design of a totally conductively cooled, diode pumped, 2-micron laser amplifier is presented. Based on the successful testing of a conductively cooled oscillator, concepts for a laser amplifier were developed. The newly designed amplifier consists of a 40 mm long Ho:Tm: LuLF rod being pumped by 4 banks of 5-radially arranged diode lasers totaling 80W pump power. Optical and thermal studies for the amplifier head are presented and discussed. Currently, the design of the amplifier head is being integrated into a complete amplifier subsystem for a conductive cooled Master Oscillator Power Amplifier (MOPA) laser.
Remote sensing using mid-infrared wavelength has many applications in pollution surveillance and atmosphere studies. However, high gain, low noise detectors or single photon counters are not available in the mid-infrared wavelength range. One approach to obtain single-photon detection in mid-infrared wavelength is to convert the mid-infrared radiations into visible/near-infrared wavelengths where high efficiency and low dark current detectors are easily available. In this paper, the up-conversion of mid-infrared radiations based on the quasi-phase matching condition of periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) is investigated. The bandwidth and efficiency are the two essential parameters for the up-conversion process. The optimal pump wavelength λlasero and PPLN period Λ can be determined from conservations of energy and momentum. Once the λlasero and Λ are defined, the spectral bandwidth corresponding to the full width at half maximum of frequency up-conversion can be calculated. The spectral bandwidth of mid-infrared radiations can exceed 130 nm for a 25 mm PPLN crystal when the pump laser operates in the optimum wavelength. It is wide enough to cover both the on and off wavelengths of the species of interest in a Differential Absorption Lidar. The maximum up-conversion bandwidth usually corresponds to the longest PPLN period allowed by the quasi-phase matching condition. The conversion efficiency increases with the pump laser intensity. Both the external cavity pumping approach with cavity locking technique and the intra-cavity pumping approach can greatly increase the up-conversion efficiency.
Spaceborne coherent Doppler wind lidars and CO2 Differential Absorption Lidars (DIALs) at eye-safe 2-μm spectral range have been proposed for several years for accurate global wind and carbon-oxide concentration profiling measurement. These lidar systems require Joule level laser pulse energy from laser transmitter and high efficiency. In this paper, we report a diode-pumped Ho:Tm:LuLF Master-Oscillator-Power-Amplifier (MOPA) developed to demonstrate Joule level output pulse energy. The MOPA consists of one master oscillator and two power amplifiers. The master oscillator was Q-switched and can be operated at single pulse mode or double pulse mode respectively. The single pulse operation is used for a coherent Doppler wind lidar and the double pulse operation for a CO2 Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL). The output pulse energy of the master oscillator is 115 mJ for the single pulse operation and 186 mJ for the double pulse operation. To extract more energy from the pumping pulses and increase the efficiency of the MOPA, the first amplifier was set at a double pass configuration. The second amplifier was set at a single pass configuration to avoid the damage problem of the Ho:Tm:LuLF laser rod. Total output pulse energy of 0.63 J with an optical efficiency of 4.1% for single pulse operation and 1.05 J with an optical efficiency of 6.9% for double pulse operation were demonstrated.
Space Lidar applications benefits from efficient conductive cooled laser transmitters. Effective thermal management is a key challenge for high-energy laser development. In this paper, the design and performance of a totally conductive cooled 2µm laser is presented. Three heat pipes capable of removing 150 watts of heat both from the pump diode lasers and the rod were used in the design. A 2.5 m long ring resonator with two 5-m radii of curvature mirrors set a 2.36mm diameter TEMoo mode radius in the cavity. Despite the thermal gradient that was created in the Ho:Tm: LuLF crystal due to the cooling method and geometry, almost diffraction limited beam and up to 107 mJ of Q-switched output with a pulse length of 135ns was obtained. Such a laser transmitter can be used as a wind Lidar. It is especially suitable as a CO2 DIAL since two Q-switched pulses can be acquired for a single pump pulse due to the long lifetime of the Ho: 5I7 and 5I8 transition and the operating wavelength is near rich CO2 absorption lines.
It has been realized that eye-safe 2-mm all-solid-state lasers are important laser sources for an accurate measurement of the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Served as laser transmitters, they can be integrated into ground-based, airborne-base, and spaceborne-based CO2 Differential Absorption Lidars (DIALs) to accomplish the measurement. In addition, the lasers are also ideal laser pumping sources for a ZnGeP2 (ZGP) Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) or an Optical Parametric Amplifier (OPA) to achieve tunable laser output in 3~5 mm. In this spectrum region, the other important greenhouse gases, water vapor (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), and methane (CH4) in the atmosphere can be measured. In this paper, we report a diode-pumped, double-pulsed, Q-switched, eye-safe Ho:Tm:LuLF laser at 2.05 mm developed for ground-based and airborne-based CO2 Differential Absorption Lidars (DIALs). The technology can be easily transferred to a space-borne CO2 DIAL in the future. The total output pulse energy of the laser is 220 mJ and 204 mJ per pair of pulses at 2 Hz and at 10 Hz respectively. The related optical energy conversion efficiency is 6.7% and 5.9% respectively.
A tunable continuous-wave (CW) intracavity pumped periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) optical parametric oscillator (OPO) has been developed where a diode-pumped ring-cavity Nd:YAG laser is used as the pumping source. The idler tunable range from 2.3 μm to 3.9 μm with linewidth less than 15 MHz has been demonstrated. The slop efficiency of the idler output versus the diode pump power is ~ 5.6%. The idler output power at 3.4 μm reaches 370 mW when the diode output power is 21.5 W. The PPLN OPO will be applied to seed ZnGeP2 OPO pumped by a Tm:Ho:YLF laser (λ=2.05 μm). The ZnGeP2 OPO can be tuned between 3-10.5 μm. Combined PPLN OPO and ZnGeP2 OPO, the tunable range covers the strong absorption lines of most atmospheric pollutants, and overlaps the mid-infrared atmospheric windows of 3.4-5 μm and 8-13 μm. The mid-infrared emission source is a potential lidar transmitter for remote sensing applications.
We are developing a high energy, narrow linewidth, and tunable mid-IR laser source that can be used to measure the green house gases and toxic gases with sufficient sensitivity and accuracy. This system consists of three major components; a high energy seeded 2.05-micron pump laser, a parametric oscillator and amplifier tunable between 3 to 9 microns and a continuous wave Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate (PPLN) seed source for parametric oscillator. A high-energy 2.05-micron pump laser with 600-mJ output has been demonstrated. This laser is comprised of one oscillator and two amplifiers. It is operated in a double pulse format to increase the system efficiency. The high beam quality combined with the narrow linewidth feature makes it a superior pump source for the parametric oscillator and amplifier. A seed source for the parametric oscillator can be implemented by using a PPLN continuous wave Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO). The efficiency of this PPLN OPO can be greatly increased because of the huge nonlinearly associated with the d33 element of the nonlinear tensor of this material and the non-critical phase matching. Recent significant material growth improvement of ZnGeP2 makes it possible to produce the crystal with sufficient low absorption at the 2.05 pump wavelength (<0.1cm-1). This crystal also has the characteristics of wide transparency range and large second-order nonlinearities. Such a crystal is one of the most promising nonlinear optical materials for efficient frequency conversion into the mid-IR spectral region. In this paper, the design and preliminary results of this laser system will be presented.
Accurate global atmospheric remote sensing such as wind and carbon-oxide concentration profiling requires a coherent Doppler lidar and a Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) in an eye-safe spectrum range, respectively. Both Doppler lidar and DIAL should have laser transmitters with high pulse energy and high efficiency. There is no doubt that a Tm:Ho:YLF or Tm:Ho:LuLF laser oscillator with multistage amplifiers are appropriate candidates for these transmitters, especially for space-borne lidar systems. To achieve a high efficient laser transmitter, a collinear double-pass Tm:Ho:YLF laser amplifier has been designed and experimentally tested with a Tm:Ho:YLF laser oscillator. When laser pulses at a reasonably high energy, said 50 mJ here, from a Q-switched Tm:Ho:YLF laser oscillator were directly sent into a single-pass Tm:Ho:YLF amplifier, a gain of 1.86 was obtained at a pump pulse energy of 5.82 J. With a collinear double-pass configuration, a gain of 2.24 was achieved at same pump pulse energy level including all losses of the necessary optical elements, such as a thin film polarizer, a half-wave plate, and a Faraday rotator. More than 95% pulse energy was extracted from the double-pass amplifier, compared to a single-pass amplifier.
Two-micron lasers can be used in a variety of remote sensing and medical applications. In recent years, such lasers have been used for remote sensing of wind and CO2 to expand our understanding of the global weather system. The detection of clear air turbulence and wake vortex from aircraft has been proven to enhance air travel safety. In this paper, we present the design and performance of a high-energy diode pumped solid-state 2-micron laser transmitter. There has been a large body of work on 2 μm laser crystals using Tm and Ho ions doped in YLF and YAG hosts, but the use of LuLiF4 as a host is relatively recent. Studies comparing Ho:LuLiF4 and Ho:YLF show that both crystals have similar emission cross-sections for both 2.05 μm and 2.06 μm transitions. Tm:Ho:LuLiF4 has proven to produce 15%-20% more energy than Tm:Ho:YLF. This is primarily attributed to the variation of the thermal population distribution in the Ho: 5I7 and 5I8 energy levels. The laser crystal used for this experiment is grown in the crystalline a-axis. The resonator is a bow tie ring configuration with 3-m length. One of the mirrors in the resonator has a 3.5m curvature, which sets up a 1.8 mm TEMoo mode radius. The output mirror reflectivity is 72% and it is the dominant source of the resonator loss. An acousto-optic Q-Switch with Brewster angle switches the Q of the oscillator and defines the polarization of the laser output. This laser has a potential to produce a multi joule energy and replace the traditionally used Ho: Tm: YLF crystal.
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