An elastic-poroelastic simulation of ultrasound inspection for lithium-metal batteries is presented and compared to empirical reflection spectra measured during battery cycling. Simulated reflection spectra were obtained using a two-dimensional (2D) plane strain model, comprised of dozens of individual microns-thick layers within a Li-metal pouch cell. The simulated reflection spectra were then compared to ultrasonic reflection spectra measurements taken intermittently during cell cycling. A sensitivity analysis and parameter calibration were performed for the pristine pouch cell simulation prior to cycling, providing a baseline to account for difficult to measure poroelastic material parameters. Then, the reduction in solid Li anode thickness and corresponding growth into a mossy lithium layer was modeled to represent aging conditions. Results from both simulations and empirical inspections show similar trends in through-thickness resonance frequencies due to cell aging.
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) has been shown to cause catastrophic failure of structures. In the case of spent nuclear canisters, radioactive materials may leak through the cracks if they penetrate the tank wall. This work explores the adoption of ultrasonic waves for the purpose of crack detection in thick stainless-steel plates, first by Piezoelectric Transducer (PZT) and then pulsed laser (PL) actuation for a fully non-contact system.
Effective NDE inspection systems and methods are highly desired in a broad range of engineering applications including metal structure thickness evaluation. Laser-generated ultrasound has been studied to excite wideband Lamb waves for NDE. By using the ultrasound in conjunction with multidimensional wavefield measurements, obtained by high spatial resolution noncontact laser scanning vibrometer, thickness evaluations for metal components can be achieved. This paper applies a fully noncontact/remote ultrasonic Lamb wave NDE system and explores its application for thickness characterization and evaluation of metal components. This paper first demonstrates the actuation and sensing of Lamb waves in metal components. The non-contact system consists of a Pulsed Laser (PL) working in the thermoelastic regime to excite Lamb waves and Scanning Laser Doppler vibrometer (SLDV) sensing the waves and providing high-resolution multidimensional wavefield signals for evaluation. Enhancements through sensing, actuation parameters, and surface enhancement were attempted to excite very high-frequency Lamb waves. The results show that excited Lamb waves can have a frequency beyond 1 MHz in certain components thinner than 1 mm. The paper continues to show how the acquired Lamb waves can be used for measuring the thickness of the metal components. The method adopted multidimensional Fourier analysis to convert time-space wavefield measurements to frequency-wavenumber representation. The resulting spectrum is then compared to theoretical dispersion curves in frequency-wavenumber for thickness matching to derive the thickness parameter. Proof-of-concept tests were performed with aluminum components of various thicknesses first and then the method was applied to much thinner foil-type material and components made of different materials.
High level nuclear spent fuel canisters have been designed and used for nuclear waste storage since the 1950’s. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) has shown to occur under certain corrosive chemical conditions when the residual stress was not relived in a welded plate. Typical SCC would eventually cause catastrophic failure of structures. In the case of spent nuclear canisters, the radioactive materials may leak through the cracks if they penetrate the tank wall. Early detection of SCC is crucial, followed with appropriate mitigation methods. Various mitigation methods have been funded and explored for the nuclear facilities. Among them, engineered composite patch repairing technique that was originally developed and adopted for aerospace aluminum structures has been proposed as one of the solutions. The technique begins with describing the sample preparation procedures. Based on nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques, the bonding between the composite patch and the repaired steel plate was then thoroughly examined using ultrasonic Lamb wave modes. The results were analyzed, and our findings demonstrated that the bonded composite patch was an effective way for crack mitigation. It was observed that they reduced the wave interactions and modified the Lamb wave modes propagation. The results were also helpful in determining the differences between the fully bonded sample and the flawed bonded sample.
This paper studies the actuation and sensing of Lamb waves in thin metal plates, including those made of nuclear grade Zircaloy cladding material and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite. The non-contact system consists of a pulsed laser (PL) for excitation and scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (SLDV) for sensing. The PL works in the thermoelastic regime to excite Lamb waves and SLDV provides high resolution multidimensional wavefield signals for evaluation. Two experimental setups are explored: excitation and sensing on the same side of the plate and each on opposing sides. Sensing parameters and surface enhancements are explored to obtain high frequency Lamb waves. The results show that the system can produce Lamb waves in higher frequency (<600 kHz) in plates thinner than 1 mm and are effective in thickness measurement.
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