The variability of the snow water equivalent (SWE) in the Northern Dvina basin was analyzed using data from route snow surveys and obtained from numerical experiments for calculating high spatial resolution (1x1°) WES using local heat/moisture exchange models SWAP and SPONSOR in the Northern Dvina basin. It is shown that the use of local models can significantly improve the description of snow cover characteristics and use them in predicting spring runoff. The differences in the spatial distribution of the areas of the maximum influence of SWE on spring runoff variability between observation and modeling data are discussed.
Variations of the frequency of extreme daily precipitation events in winter and summer in the Russian Federation were studied for the 1961-2013 period using meteorological stations data. Future changes were estimated using data of the global climate models from CMIP5 model ensemble. In winter, there is a slight increase in the extreme precipitation frequency throughout Russia except for the Far East. By the end of the twenty-first century, models predict an overall strengthening of this trend. In summer, current changes are less significant and characterized by strong spatial heterogeneity. According to the CMIP5 models, the frequency of extreme precipitation will decrease in western and southern parts of Russia by the end of the 21st century and will increase in the northern and eastern regions.
Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) in Western Siberia during 1979 to 2013 period was simulated using Land-Surface Model (LSM) SPONSOR forced with meteodata from the ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis. Fields of SWE with high spatial and temporal resolution were obtained. Maps of February average SWE were computed for satellite data, reanalysis and SPONSOR model simulations. A comparison between the SWE maps shows a significant uncertainty. It is shown, that none of the methods cannot be currently used as a reference for determining SWE when there is no data of ground-based observations. Simulations using LSM SPONSOR reasonably well reproduce SWE for Central, Eastern and, most probably, the Northern parts of the region.
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