Tracking and compensating polarization in real-time is a challenging task and the existing algorithms lack determinacy and interpretability. We demonstrate real-time polarization tracking based on a white-box digital twin modeling the entire polarization tracking system. By calculating with the Stokes vectors and Muller matrices, it is derived that the output power can be expressed by 9 terms consisting of retardances of the electrical polarization controller. We conduct experiments to test and compare the performances of the digital-twin- based algorithm with other algorithms. The experiment results show that the digital-twin-based real-time polarization tracking can ensure the recovery time is less than 0.8 ms in any case. In most cases, the necessary sample times to realize the polarization tracking can be cut down to 9. The adoption of digital twin allows the algorithm to skip the loop of perturbation, sampling, and adjusting over the real system, thereby significantly reducing the sample times and recovery time. The proposed method changes the situation in that existing algorithms are full of random factors and require numerous sample times during polarization tracking.
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