A method of the zero-order-removal off-axis digital holographic reconstruction by recording three holograms with different beam ratios is presented. The zero-order-removal hologram can be constituted using two fitting coefficients in the combination of three holograms, in which the three off-axis holograms with different intensity ratios of the object and reference beams are recorded via arbitrarily turning a half-wave plate. The validity of the zero-order removal of the resultant hologram is proved by expression. The filtering region for the zero-order-removal hologram can extend to the center of its spatial-frequency spectrum domain, which makes higher spatial frequencies on the positive first-order intercepted. In the experiments, the reconstructed amplitude and phase images demonstrate the effectiveness of this zero-order-removal approach and the improvement on imaging resolution.
In this paper, we present a method to eliminate the zero-order term in Fourier spectrum of off-axis digital holograms based on the linear change of the hologram. In a typical digital holographic setup, the three off-axis holograms are recorded by the object waves and the reference waves with the different intensity ratios. The three holograms were Fourier transformed, and then the spectra were linearly fitted to obtain two fitting coefficients. Then, the second and third holograms are multiplied by the corresponding coefficients, and the first hologram is subtracted from the hologram that is multiplied by the coefficient to obtain the hologram with the zero-order term eliminated. In the procedure of spectrum filtering, more high-frequency information can be intercepted in this spatial-frequency spectrum after removing the zero-order. The experiment results show that this method can obviously eliminate the zero-order term.
In this paper, automatic filtering for amplitude and phase reconstruction in off-axis digital holography is developed. A user-friendly interface for automatic filtering is given via program design with MATLAB. The hologram to be processed is input at the front end, and automatic spectrum filtering in Fourier spectrum domain of digital holograms is realized by using clustering algorithm at the back end. The amplitude and phase images are reconstructed from the intercepted spatial-frequency spectrum by using the reconstruction algorithm. This automatic filtering program has high robustness, which can achieve reconstruction imaging for off-axis holograms correctly and effectively in the case of different off-axis angles or different image sizes. For the user interface, upon inputting an off-axis digital hologram and confirming the operation, the reconstructed amplitude and phase images can be quickly output. This user interface has the advantages of simple operation, adjustable parameters and clear feedback. Since K-means clustering is used, this filtering algorithm increases the efficiency in processing experimental data and the reliability of reconstruction imaging. The digital hologram computer-generated is used to simulate filtering processing. The results show that the quality of reconstructed images by using the presented automatic filtering is not inferior to that by conventional manual filtering.
We present a spectrum filtering approach for reconstruction of off-axis digital holograms. The high frequency aliasing terms in Fourier spectrum domain of hologram are generated by non-fitting interpolation. After interpolation processing, the zero-order terms in the aliasing spectrum region are obviously suppressed. Accordingly, for the spectrum filtering of high-frequency signal terms, the available range of frequency band will increase significantly, which can result in the improvement of resolution of the reconstructed images. In order to avoid the effect of non-uniform distribution on the aliasing spectrum terms, all the same-order signal terms in the aliasing spectrum (positive or negative first-order spectrum) are intercepted, respectively, and then added together to reconstruct the complex amplitude distribution of the sample. We perform the reconstruction imaging with a conventional method and the presented method from the same hologram in simulation. The imaging results show that such interpolation method can obviously improve the resolution of the reconstructed amplitude and phase images. This method for off-axis digital holographic reconstruction only relies on a single frame acquisition to achieve high resolution reconstruction imaging without additional requirements to the optical setup, which will have a promising application in real-time imaging for living biological cells or moving objects.
Fresnel incoherent correlation holography (FINCH) is one of the methods for recording holograms of 3D samples under incoherent illumination. The FINCH combines the theory of spatial self-coherence and the in-line phase-shift technology together to form a complex hologram. A spatial phase light modulator (SPLM) plays important roles as the dynamic diffraction optical element (DOE) and phase shifter. When the incoherent light generated from each object point of the 3D samples incidents to a SPLM, it can be split into two spatial self-coherent beams with different curvatures. The hologram caused by these two beams can then be captured by an image detector. Three holograms with different phase shift are recorded sequentially for eliminating the zero-order and twin image, and then a complex valued hologram is obtained by superposing the three holograms. In this paper, the modulation characteristics of SPLM and phase shift error in FINCH are investigated. Based on digital holography, phase modulation characteristics of SPLM are measured under coherent and narrow-bandwidth incoherent illumination respectively. Phase shift error due to quasi monochromatic light illumination is then analyzed in FINCH. The effect of phase shift error on the quality of reconstructed image is also investigated. It is demonstrated the FINCH setup has a smaller phase shift error by experiment.
Fresnel Incoherent Correlation Holography (FINCH) enables holograms to be created from incoherent light illumination of 3D objects. The optical setup of FINCH is usually simple and compact owe to its in-line geometry while the reconstruction of hologram suffers from the obstruction of zero-order item and twin image. Phase-shift technology is combined with FINCH in order to obtain zero-order-free and twin-image-free reconstruction. Three-step phase-shifting is adopted in all the publications of FINCH and the application of other multi-step phase-shift technology in FINCH are not investigated yet. The Fresnel holograms are sequentially recorded with different multi-step phase-shifting (including four, three, and two-step) to form the complex hologram and the quality of the reconstructed images are compared by simulations and experiments respectively in this study. Several parameters including resolution, SNR and normalized cross-correlation are applied to evaluate the quality of reconstruction images. Although various noises would be introduced by the optical elements and the experimental environment in practice, four-step phase-shifting provides the best quality of the reconstructed image but the system resolution is not different from others. In addition, the influence of different phase shift plus to the quality of reconstruction images in the three-step phase-shifting FINCH is investigated and the results show that the quality of reconstruction images which use the π/2 is better than that 2π/3.
Imaging fiber bundle is a necessary element in a conventional endomicroscopy imaging system. The combination of a
proximal spatial light modulator as a means of achieving beam scanning and an imaging fiber bundle for light delivery
and collection enables the wavefront at the distal end of the fiber bundle to be synthesized, controlled and scanned. In
this way the endomicroscope is very different from conventional systems which use proximal scanning mirrors or distal
scanning heads. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the effect of primary parameters, such as diameter of each core, core-core
separation and phase mask applied to the face of the imaging fiber bundle on the characteristics of focusing spot.
These effects were simulated by numerically generating distal wavefronts and propagating them using the method of
angular spectrum of plane-wave. The axial and lateral resolution and SNR were introduced to evaluate the characteristics
of the focus. The imaging system could be optimized and reduced constraints on the imaging fiber bundle used based on
these results.
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