A composite piezoelectric deformable mirror (DM) with woofer-tweeter configuration is proposed for astronomy applications. This DM consists of unimorph DM and piezoelectric actuators array. Compared with conventional DM, the composite piezoelectric DM has a characteristic of both large stroke and high bandwidth, which is suitable for correcting those aberrations introduced by atmospheric turbulence in real time. The prototype of the composite DM is prepared, and an adaptive optical testing system based on Shack-Hartmann sensor is established. Experimental results indicate that the woofer–tweeter DM has the capability to compensate for the first 20 terms of Zernike aberrations with normalized RMS wavefront errors less than 15%. The proposed composite piezoelectric DM has good performance and great potential in astronomical applications.
In order to improve the surface friction properties of 7075 aluminum alloy, micro textures with different morphology and spacing were processed on the surface of 7075 aluminum alloy by femtosecond laser. The size and morphology of laser processing texture were tested by laser confocal microscope, and the parameters of laser processing micro texture were optimized. The results show that due to the different characteristics of oxide layer and internal material on the surface of aluminum alloy, micro texture morphology cannot be processed on the surface when the single pulse energy is too small; When the single pulse energy is too large, the texture depth is too large, which will affect the lubrication and drag reduction performance. The GF-I reciprocating friction and wear tester was used for friction and wear test to explore the area ratio of the optimal drag reduction performance of each micro texture under the load of 0.07m/s and 40n. The experimental results show that the friction coefficient is the smallest when the area ratio of each micro texture morphology is about 8%. In the regular hexagon, the micro texture spacing is 400 μm has the best drag reduction effect, and the drag reduction rate is 36.76% compared with the non textured surface.
In order to apply in the optical path of large incident angle, an experimental platform based on 61-element unimorph
deformable mirror (DM) is fabricated to study the influence of different incident angles on the correction ability of DM.
The experimental results show that the larger the incident angle is, the smaller the reconstructed Zernike amplitudes are
and the larger the normalized residual error is. Furthermore, a DM driven by an elliptical PZT is designed and fabricated,
and its correction ability in the high incident angle optical path is tested experimentally. The results show that the
designed elliptical PZT can effectively improve the correction ability of the DM in the vertical optical path.
In recent years, micro texture has been widely used in bearing and tool friction reduction. Laser machining is one of the most commonly used methods to process micro texture. Aiming at the recast layer and heat affected zone produced in laser texturing process, a water assisted laser processing technology was used to eliminate the adverse effects as much as possible. Taking 304 stainless steel as the research object, the effects of laser processing in the air and water assisted laser processing on the processing area and micro texture edge morphology were compared and analyzed. The influence of two machining methods on friction coefficient of lubrication micro texture friction pair was analyzed. The results show that the water assisted machining method reduces the heat affected zone and the cone angle of the edge. Moreover, water assisted laser processing avoids the generation of micro cracks which is very beneficial to the texture process of laser processing.
A wavefront sensorless adaptive optics system with a 61-element unimorph deformable mirror is proposed for laser beam shaping. The actuator voltages of the DM are adaptively adjusted with the help of the stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm. The difference of the target beam and the actual beam recorded by a CCD camera is used as feedback. The experimental results show that this method not only realizes the aberrations correction of the optical system, but also generates annular beam, ratio line focus beam and square beam which agree with the desired targets.
High-quality Bessel beams with adjustable cone angles are realized using a unimorph deformable mirror (DM) with 61 actuators. The DM not only generates an adjustable diverging or converging conical mirror surface in high precision, but also corrects the optical aberrations in the optical system. Furthermore, the annular beams are generated via the Fourier transform of the generated Bessel beams. The core size of the Bessel beam and the radius of the annular beam are proved to be flexibly controlled by the DM without changing the optical elements and realigning the optical path. Since the unimorph DM has a very high damage threshold, the proposed method paves the way for potential applications involving high-power lasers.
A water-cooled unimorph deformable mirror (DM) is proposed for high-power laser applications. The piezoelectric actuators are distributed around the correction area on the front side of the DM. The cooling water flows through the back side of the DM. This design realizes the physical separation between the electrical connections and cooling medium. It is important to optimize the structure of the designed water-cooled DM. First, a model of the DM was established using finite element method (FEM) to predict the deformation behavior of single actuator and the reconstruction of the DM. Then the comparison analysis of different apertures, radii and thicknesses were performed for structure optimization. The simulation results indicate that: The reconstructing precision of the DM is better than 98% for the typical low-order aberrations with relative large amplitude under the voltage range from -50V to +50V, which is suitable for high-power laser beam shaping.
A low-cost deformable mirror (DM) driven by an underlying piezoelectric buzzer array though connection struts is proposed. Piezoelectric buzzer is a very low cost device that is easily commercial available. A numerical model of piezoelectric buzzer was built to predict the displacement of the actuator. The fabrication process without complicated technology was developed. Finally, a DM with 19 actuators arranged hexagonally was fabricated.
A modified low-cost unimorph deformable mirror (DM) driven only by positive voltages for atmospheric turbulence compensation is presented. The 214 patterned inner actuators generate convex deformations for aberration correction, while one outer ring actuator generates an overall concave bias. To evaluate the aberration correction capability of the proposed DM, the iterative reconstruction of Zernike aberrations and correction were performed in an adaptive optics test system. The experimental results indicate that the fabricated DM has an excellent aberration correction capability, particularly matching the first 20 term Zernike aberrations with the normalized residual root-mean-square (RMS) error <5%. Furthermore, the random atmospheric turbulence aberrations were simulated based on Karhunen–Loève coefficients and reconstructed using the fabricated DM. The simulative and experimental results show that the atmospheric turbulence aberrations can be steadily compensated with λ/40 (λ=2.2 μm) RMS residual error, indicating the prospect for atmospheric applications.
This paper proposes a low-cost unimorph deformable mirror (DM) driven by positive voltages for ocular adaptive optics
(AO). The DM consists of an inner actuators array and an outer ring actuator. The inner actuators array is used to correct
aberrations, while the outer ring actuator is used to generate an overall defocus bias. The measurement results show that the
maximum peak to valley defocus deformation is more than 14 μm. The DM has a satisfactory correction capability for up
to the fifth order Zernike mode aberrations. Furthermore, a sample of 200 ocular wavefronts was simulated using a
statistical model developed by Thibos. After correction with the developed DM, most of the simulated eyes achieved the
diffraction-limited performance. These experimental and simulation results indicate that this DM is satisfactory for ocular
applications.
Once a laser beam suffers from wavefront aberrations, the intensity of the focal spot degrades and the shape of
the focus spot distorts. The same problem also exists in femtosecond laser fabrication system. The aberrations in the
femtosecond laser fabrication system contain two main components: system aberrations and aberrations from the
refractive index mismatch problem. Recently, adaptive optics (AO) has been used for laser beam aberrations correction
to improve the light beam quality. In this paper, we introduce an adaptive optics system with double drive modes
unimorph deformable mirror (DM) into the femtosecond laser fabrication system. In the experiments, the hill-climbing
algorithm based on Zernike modes is used to control the DM to correct the aberrations in the close-loop manner. After
correction for system aberrations and the refractive index mismatch aberrations, the shape and maximum intensity of the
focal laser spot is much improved.
Unimorph deformable mirrors are attractive in adaptive optics system due to their advantages of simplicity, compact, low cost and large stroke. In this paper, a double drive modes unimorph deformable mirror is presented, which comprises a 200 μm thick PZT layer and a 400 μm thick silicon layer. This deformable has 214 inner actuators in the 50-mm active aperture, which are for the aberration correction and a outer ring actuator for generating an overall defocus bias. An analytical model based on the theory of plates and shells is built to predict the behavior of the deformable mirror. The stroke of the deformable mirror is tested in the experiments. In order to test the performance for aberration correction, the deformable mirror is used to correct the aberration from its imperfect initial mirror surface in the close-loop manner. The root-mean-square value of the mirror surface after the close-loop correction for ten iterations is about λ/40, which indicates this deformable mirror has a good aberration correction performance. This DM has the potential to be used for astronomical adaptive optics.
This paper presents a low-cost silicon unimorph deformable mirror (DM) that will be used for astronomical adaptive optics. The device has a simple construction consisting of a 400-μm-thick silicon wafer and a 200-μm-thick lead zirconate titanate film, with 214 actuators and 50-mm active aperture. The actuator displacement of the fabricated device is about 1 μm at 50 V. And the resonance frequency is 550 Hz. The simulation and experimental generation of Zernike mode shapes indicate that the fabricated DM has an excellent correction performance for both low order and high order aberrations.
To solve the local optimum problem, a modified hill-climbing algorithm based on Zernike modes is presented for wavefront sensorless adaptive optics. This algorithm adopts the Zernike mode coefficients, instead of the actuators’ voltages in a traditional hill-climbing algorithm, as the adjustable variables to optimize the object function. First, the principle of the algorithm is described. Then the efficiency of the modified and traditional hill-climbing algorithms are analyzed numerically and experimentally using a He-Ne laser beam shaping system with a 37-element unimorph deformable mirror. The results of both simulations and experiments demonstrate that the modified hill-climbing algorithm can eliminate the local optimum problem with a fast speed of about 100 iterations.
Unimorph DMs are attractive for laser beam shaping due to their advantages of simplicity, compact, low cost and large
stroke. This paper reports a novel unimorph deformable mirror used for laser beam shaping. The developed DM consists of
both an inner actuator array and an outer ring actuator. The inner actuator array is used for aberration correction, while the
outer ring actuator is used to generate an overall defocus bias. A laser beam shaping experimental setup with a He-Ne laser
was constructed. The correction capability of the DM is demonstrated by simulation and experiment.
The adaptive optics system (AO) without a wavefront sensor produces an alternative tool to correct the aberrations where the wavefront distortions are hard to be measured directly. This kind of adaptive optics system optimizes an evaluation parameter directly relevant to the wavefront quality to achieve the wavefront correction, and the optimization algorithms determines the efficiency of wavefront sensor-less AO system. In this paper, several frequently-used algorithms covering hill climbing algorithm, genetic algorithm, simulated annealing algorithm and two hybrid algorithms, known as hybrid genetic-hill climbing algorithm and hybrid simulated annealing-hill climbing algorithm (SAHC), have been investigated to improve the correction efficiency. The correction speeds and correction effects of the five kinds of algorithms have been compared in simulations and experiments for an adaptive optics system with 19-elements unimorph deformable mirror. The results show that hill climbing algorithm has the fastest correction speed, but suffered from the local optimum problem. The other four kinds of algorithms can get good correction results and have similar correction effects. Considering the correction effect and correction speed comprehensively, SAHC is the most efficient optimization algorithm in the five kinds of optimization algorithms.
A low-cost silicon unimorph deformable mirror (DM) with 214 actuators is presented. The finite element simulation
indicates that the designed DM has an excellent correction performance for both low order and high order aberrations. The
experimental actuator deflection is about 2μm at 100V. This DM has the potential to be used for astronomical adaptive
optics.
Piezoelectric DM based on unimorph microactuator array has advantages of large stroke with low voltage and high
operating bandwidth. In this paper, we estimate the correction capability of this DM by fitting Zernike polynomials
shapes. First, the influences of actuator arrangement, actuator number and coupling on correction capability were
investigated to optimize the correction performance. Then low-order Zernike shapes were reproduced by a fabricated
DM using measured influence function matrix. Experiment and simulation results show that the DM has a satisfying
correction performance.
Femtosecond laser induced two-photon polymerization has the advantages of high resolution and capability of true three-dimensional (3D) fabrication. In this work, a phase filter-based super-resolution technique was adopted to reduce the size of focus spot in order to achieve exceeded diffraction limit fabrication resolution. The principle of phase modulation of a femtosecond laser was introduced, the parameters of the phase filter were optimized using a genetic algorithm, and then a 3D super-resolution annular phase filter was fabricated. Experimental results proved that the aspect ratio as well as the axial and radial sizes of solidified units was compressed by the optimized phase filter. A maximum aspect ratio compression ratio of 20.8% was achieved. The radial compression ratio of the modulated spot decreased with the increase of laser exposure amount, while the axial compression ratio and aspect ratio compression ratio increased.
This paper describes the characteristics of a 61 element piezoelectric deformable mirror (DM) based on bulk-PZT thick
film and the generation of Zernike polynomials. This device consists of a continue silicon mirror supported by 61
element piezoelectric unimorph actuators which are arranged in a hexagonal grid with spacing of 5mm. Measurements
of the displacement using a laser Doppler vibrometer demonstrated that the stroke of DM was 3.8μm at 100 volt with a
displacement hysteresis of approximately 9% and the operating bandwidth was greater than 10KHz. A custom
phasing-shifting interferometer based on Twyman-Green interferometer was developed to measure the mirror surface
shape in response to the applied voltage. The influence function of the mirror measured accorded with Gaussian
function with inter-actuator coupling of approximately 5%, which was similar to the traditional piezoelectric DM with
stacked actuators. To examine the ability of the mirror to replicate optical aberrations described by the Zernike
polynomials, low-order Zernike modes were reproduced by calculating the voltage on each actuator using an influence
function matrix. The measurement demonstrated that the deformable mirror could produce the Zernike modes up to the
ninth term. Considering the low-voltage actuation as well as the capability for miniaturization of the actuator size,
deformable mirror actuated by bulk-PZT thick film has a potential application for low-cost adaptive optics.
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