One dimensional (1D) Cr nanograting fabricated by laser-focused atomic deposition (LFAD) is suitable for reference materials in nanometrology, owing to its self-traceable to SI meter definition and high accuracy with good uniformity. For further preparing small-scale and traceable reference materials, extremely ultraviolet (EUV) interference lithography with 13.4nm wavelength is utilized to accurately shorten the grating pitch of Cr nanograting (212.8nm). Diffraction efficiency is a key attribute in EUV interference lithography. In this paper, based on rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA), diffraction efficiency with EUV light of Cr nanograting was studied. Impacts such as EUV light wavelength, background layer and grating height were mainly taken into consideration. The result shows that Cr background layer has significant influence on diffraction efficiency of Cr nanograting, and an optimized diffraction efficiency of the first diffraction order about 1.4% has been achieved under the practical experimental condition.
One-dimensional multilayer gratings were prepared by four steps. A periodic Si/SiO2 multilayer was firstly deposited on Si substrate using a magnetron sputtering coating process. Then, the multilayer was been bonded and split into small pieces by diamond wire cutting. The side-wall of the cut sample was subsequently grinded and polished until the surface roughness was less than 1nm. Finally, the SiO2 layers were selective etched using hydrofluoric acid to form the grating structure. In the above steps, special attentions were given to optimize the etching processes to achieve a uniform and smooth grating pattern. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to characterize the multilayer gratings. The pitch size of the grating was evaluated by an offline image analysis algorithm and optimized processes are discussed.
KEYWORDS: Metrology, Chromium, Atomic force microscopy, Calibration, Chemical species, Laser stabilization, Scanning electron microscopy, Standards development, Manufacturing, Atomic force microscope
Nanometric lateral standards are essential to nanometrology. Using laser-focused atomic deposition, a one-dimensional (1D) grating has been manufactured. The pitch of the grating is 212.8 nm, which can be traced to the laser wavelength that is accurately locked to the 52Cr atomic resonance transition 7S3 →7P40. In this paper, the uniformity rather than the pitch accuracy of the 1D grating was evaluated using atomic force microscope (AFM). Based on the center-of-gravity method, the average pitch and the nonuniformity of the grating pitch were calculated. The results show that the average pitch of the grating is 213.2 nm which deviates from the design pitch due to the calibration of AFM, and the nonuniformity of the grating is 0.1 nm. The results preliminarily prove that 1D grating fabricated by laser-focused atomic deposition has good uniformity, and has great potential to become nanometric reference material for AFM and scanning electron microscope (SEM) calibration.
Atom lithography is a novel technique for nanofabrication which can be used to grow periodic arrays of highly uniform nanometer-scale structures. The pitch standard of Cr nano-grating is 212.8±0.1 nm, which coincides with λ/2 of the standing wave, in correspondence with the 52Cr atomic resonance transition: 7S3 → 7P40, λ= 425.55 nm. With the utilization of the material removal ability by AFM scratching, the Cr nanostructures have been transferred to an InP substrate for replication and subdivision. The uncertainty analysed based on gravity centre (GC) method is better than 0.5% for both replicated and subdivided nano-gratings. AFM lithography method expands the application of atom lithography in metrology to a smaller scale with high precision.
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